Advance Directives
Conditions
Keywords
advance directives
Brief summary
Objectives: The objectives of the pilot study were to (1) test the feasibility of recruitment, randomization, and retention; (2) test the feasibility of a standardized Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention; (3) evaluate the feasibility of the assessment process and data collection procedures; (4) evaluate the Veterans' satisfaction with the intervention and their Advance Directive decisions; and (5) evaluate preliminary effects of the Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention. Research Design: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, unblinded pilot study. Alabama Veterans who received care through the Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center were randomized to either the Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention or Care-as-Usual in a 2:1 ratio respectively. Data related to recruitment, randomization, and retention; study completion by subjects; completeness of data collection; Veterans' satisfaction; and preliminary effects of the intervention were collected, analyzed, and evaluated. The length of the study was one year. Methods: The setting for the study was Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center care sites. A convenience sample of fifty subjects was recruited from Tuscaloosa VA outpatient clinics including Selma, residential settings, Home Based Primary Care, and the Mobile Health Unit. The level of care of subjects was all-inclusive, excepting current Hospice or Palliative Care. Selection procedures included self-referral and referral by Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center staff. Entry requirements were the meeting of all inclusion criteria and verification of no exclusion criteria. The Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention was a manualized education, support, and guidance session provided by a Registered Nurse that included information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. The Care-as-Usual was a session with the social worker who explained what the Advance Directive is, and guided the Veteran regarding the process of completing the Advance Directive document, without providing information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. Study enrollment period was six months. The primary study outcome measure was Advance Directive completion rate. This pilot was not a hypothesis testing study. The underlying hypothesis of the eventual full study is that the Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention is associated with Advance Directive completion rates at least comparable to that of the As-Usual care. Significance: This study supports the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) mission to provide Veteran-centered care. It provides important information needed to plan a full study of the effectiveness of a specific Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention to facilitate Advance Directive completion by rural Alabama Veterans.
Detailed description
Background: The VHA mission to serve the health care needs of America's veterans assumes a veteran-centered approach - one that evolves not only from the health team's assessment of needs, but especially one that begins with the veteran's assessment of his or her own needs. Preliminary data from the Alabama Veterans Rural Health Initiative study suggest that approximately 30% of rural Alabama veterans do not have an Advance Directive and want help completing one. Rural Alabama veterans live in counties with a higher percent of African American minorities, lower levels of education, and higher family poverty rates, than the average for the US population at large. Prior studies have demonstrated that disparities in Advance Directive completion rates may be related to race, level of income, and level of education. VHA research priorities include addressing the challenges of minority health care needs and the disparities that arise in healthcare delivery. Although many studies evidence the effectiveness of education and counseling in facilitating Advance Directive completion, data are lacking that demonstrate the efficacy of resource-conservative nursing interventions to enable Advance Directive completion by rural, southern minorities. This pilot lays the groundwork to address this evidence gap. Objectives: The objectives of the pilot study were to (1) test the feasibility of recruitment, randomization, and retention; (2) test the feasibility of a standardized Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention; (3) evaluate the feasibility of the assessment process and data collection procedures; (4) evaluate the Veterans' satisfaction with the intervention and their Advance Directive decisions; and (5) evaluate preliminary effects of the Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention. Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. Fifty Alabama veterans who receive care at the Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center were randomized to either the Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention or Care-as-Usual. The Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention was a manualized education, support, and guidance session provided by a Registered Nurse that included information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. The Care-as-Usual was a session with the social worker who explained what the Advance Directive is, and guided the Veteran regarding the process of completing the Advance Directive document, without providing information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. Data related to recruitment, randomization, and retention; study completion by subjects; completeness of data collection; Veterans' satisfaction; and preliminary effects of the intervention were collected, analyzed, and evaluated. Status: The Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB) has approved this study. Study is closed.
Interventions
OTHERThe Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention
This intervention was a manualized education, support, and guidance session provided by a Registered Nurse that included information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. It incorporated an application of the Theory for Enabling Safety.
OTHERCare-as-Usual
The Care-as-Usual was a session with the social worker who explained what the Advance Directive is, and guided the Veteran regarding the process of completing the Advance Directive document, without providing information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices.
Sponsors
US Department of Veterans Affairs
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
19 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Signed informed consent * Male or female * Any race or ethnic origin * 19 years of age (i.e. minors are excluded) * Veteran indicates he/she has no Advance Directive * Speaks and understands English * Any category of rurality through urbanity of home residence or place of habitation * Veteran is willing to extend the screening/baseline visit or return within 30 days for the advance care planning (ACP) session
Exclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of dementia (all causes) or other cognitive disorder documented in computerized patient record system problem list. (Note: this would include, for example, a mental disability that precludes informed consent capacity, e.g. a documented condition including an age level equivalency understanding of a child of age 6) * Diagnosis of serious mental illness (i.e. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar I, major depression with psychotic features) documented in computerized patient record system problem list * Actively considering plans of suicide or homicide per self report during screening interview direct question * Psychotic symptoms that impair the subject's ability to give informed consent * Current hospice care or palliative care recipient. (Note: The major predicted potential impact of this intervention is for Veterans who typically receive little or no ACP support. Veterans who receive palliative care/hospice care at Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center (VAMC) typically receive timely and full ACP support including Advance Directive completion support if desired. Veterans receiving palliative care and hospice care at Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center may tire easily and/or have pain/discomfort problems that could easily be exacerbated by research procedures. These research procedures themselves have the potential to add to end of life distress.) * Currently incarcerated
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Who Completed an Advance Directive | Up to 1 month after intervention | An advance directive was considered completed upon confirmation of the scanned document in the medical record. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction | For participants who received the allocated intervention, up to one month after intervention; for all others, up to 90 days after consenting to the study. | Score on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8). The overall score is produced by summing all item responses. For the CSQ-8, scores range from 8 to 32, with higher values indicating higher satisfaction. Response options differ from item to item, but all are based on a four-point scale. All items are positively worded; however, the directionality of response options span the spectrum from very negative to very positive; and, the numerical anchors for items are reversed randomly (from high to low or low to high) from item to item to minimize stereotypic response sets. The CSQ-8 has no subscales and reports a single score measuring a single dimension of overall satisfaction. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
From May 2013 - September 2013, 50 subjects were recruited from outpatient clinics, rural mobile clinic, home-based primary care, and residential treatment units.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention The Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention was a manualized education, support, and guidance session provided by a Registered Nurse that included information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. It incorporated an application of the Theory for Enabling Safety. | 33 |
| Care-as-Usual The Care-as-Usual was a session with the social worker who explained what the Advance Directive is, and guided the Veteran regarding the process of completing the Advance Directive document, without providing information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices. Subjects in this arm who desired information about risks, benefits, and alternatives of specific choices before randomization were scheduled for the Care-as-Usual session after they received that information from the Primary Care Provider. | 17 |
| Total | 50 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 2 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention | Care-as-Usual | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 31 Participants | 16 Participants | 47 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 51.24 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.48 | 48.35 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.95 | 50.26 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.68 |
| Desire for Help Completing an Advance Directive No | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Desire for Help Completing an Advance Directive No answer | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Desire for Help Completing an Advance Directive Yes | 29 Participants | 12 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Desire for Information About Advance Directives No | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Desire for Information About Advance Directives Yes | 29 Participants | 14 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Desire for Risks, Benefits, and Alternatives Information About Life-sustaining Procedures No | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Desire for Risks, Benefits, and Alternatives Information About Life-sustaining Procedures Yes | 29 Participants | 10 Participants | 39 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized 2 or more races Non-Hispanic | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black Hispanic | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black Non-Hispanic | 21 Participants | 9 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other Non-Hispanic | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Unknown/Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White Non-Hispanic | 8 Participants | 5 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Rurality Non-rural zip code | 19 Participants | 11 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Rurality Rural zip code | 14 Participants | 6 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 7 Participants | 2 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 26 Participants | 15 Participants | 41 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 33 | 0 / 17 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 33 | 1 / 17 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Participants Who Completed an Advance Directive
An advance directive was considered completed upon confirmation of the scanned document in the medical record.
Time frame: Up to 1 month after intervention
Population: intention to treat (ITT)
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention | Number of Participants Who Completed an Advance Directive | 30 participants |
| Care-as-Usual | Number of Participants Who Completed an Advance Directive | 5 participants |
Secondary
Satisfaction
Score on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8). The overall score is produced by summing all item responses. For the CSQ-8, scores range from 8 to 32, with higher values indicating higher satisfaction. Response options differ from item to item, but all are based on a four-point scale. All items are positively worded; however, the directionality of response options span the spectrum from very negative to very positive; and, the numerical anchors for items are reversed randomly (from high to low or low to high) from item to item to minimize stereotypic response sets. The CSQ-8 has no subscales and reports a single score measuring a single dimension of overall satisfaction.
Time frame: For participants who received the allocated intervention, up to one month after intervention; for all others, up to 90 days after consenting to the study.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nurse-Supported Advance Care Planning Intervention | Satisfaction | 31.03 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Care-as-Usual | Satisfaction | 28.00 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.13 |