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Cabozantinib S-Malate in Treating Younger Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Solid Tumors

A Phase 1 Study of XL184 (Cabozantinib) in Children and Adolescents With Recurrent or Refractory Solid Tumors, Including CNS Tumors

Status
Completed
Phases
Phase 1
Study type
Interventional
Source
ClinicalTrials.gov
Registry ID
NCT01709435
Enrollment
41
Registered
2012-10-18
Start date
2012-11-14
Completion date
2019-12-31
Last updated
2023-12-22

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Recurrent Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Recurrent Melanoma, Recurrent Primary Central Nervous System Neoplasm, Recurrent Thyroid Gland Carcinoma, Refractory Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Refractory Primary Central Nervous System Neoplasm, Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

Brief summary

This phase I trial studies the side effects and best dose of cabozantinib S-malate in treating younger patients with solid tumors that have come back or no longer respond to treatment. Cabozantinib S-malate may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth.

Detailed description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase 2 dose of XL184 (cabozantinib) (cabozantinib S-malate) administered orally to children with refractory solid tumors including central nervous system (CNS) tumors. II. To define and describe the toxicities of XL184 (cabozantinib) administered on this schedule. III. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of XL184 (cabozantinib) in children with refractory solid tumors. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To preliminarily define the antitumor activity of XL184 (cabozantinib) within the confines of a phase 1 study. II. To assess the biologic activity of XL184 (cabozantinib). III. To assess the biomarker response (carcinoembryonic antigen \[CEA\] and calcitonin) in patients with medullary thyroid cancer treated with XL184. IV. To evaluate overall survival from study entry through a five-year follow-up period. OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study. (Complete as of 4/16/2014) Patients receive cabozantinib S-malate orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days, 6 months, and then annually for up to 60 months.

Interventions

DRUGCabozantinib S-malate

Given PO

OTHERLaboratory Biomarker Analysis

Correlative studies

OTHERPharmacological Study

Correlative studies

Sponsors

National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Lead SponsorNIH

Study design

Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
2 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

* Patients must have a body surface area \>= 0.44 m\^2 when enrolling on dose level -1; patients must have a body surface area \>= 0.35 m\^2 when enrolling on dose level 1, 2, or 3 * PART A: Patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors (excluding medullary thyroid cancer) including CNS tumors and malignant melanoma are eligible; patients must have had histologic verification of malignancy at original diagnosis or relapse except in patients with intrinsic brain stem tumors, optic pathway gliomas, or patients with pineal tumors and elevations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum tumor markers including alpha-fetoprotein or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) * Part B: Patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), with or without bone marrow involvement, will be eligible for Part B; these patients will be enrolled at dose level 2, the recommended phase 2 dose determined in the dose escalation part of the study * Patients must have either measurable or evaluable disease * Patient's current disease state must be one for which there is no known curative therapy or therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life * Karnofsky \>= 50% for patients \> 16 years of age and Lansky \>= 50 for patients =\< 16 years of age * Note: neurologic deficits in patients with CNS tumors must have been relatively stable for at least 7 days prior to study enrollment; patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score * Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer chemotherapy: * Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: at least 21 days after the last dose of myelosuppressive chemotherapy (42 days if prior nitrosourea) * Hematopoietic growth factors: at least 14 days after the last dose of a long-acting growth factor (e.g. Neulasta) or 7 days for short-acting growth factor; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur; the duration of this interval must be discussed with the study chair * Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): at least 7 days after the last dose of a biologic agent; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur; the duration of this interval must be discussed with the study chair * Immunotherapy: at least 42 days after the completion of any type of immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines * Monoclonal antibodies: at least 3 half-lives of the antibody after the last dose of a monoclonal antibody * Radiation therapy (XRT): at least 14 days after local palliative XRT (small port); at least 150 days must have elapsed if prior total-body irradiation (TBI), craniospinal XRT or if \>= 50% radiation of pelvis; at least 42 days must have elapsed if other substantial bone marrow (BM) radiation * Stem cell infusion without TBI: no evidence of active graft versus (vs.) host disease and at least 56 days must have elapsed after transplant or stem cell infusion * For patients with solid tumors without known bone marrow involvement: * Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1000/mm\^3 * Platelet count \>= 100,000/mm\^3 (transfusion independent, defined as not receiving platelet transfusions for at least 7 days prior to enrollment) * Patients with known bone marrow metastatic disease will be eligible for study provided they meet the blood counts (may receive transfusions provided they are not known to be refractory to red cell or platelet transfusions); these patients will not be evaluable for hematologic toxicity; at least 5 of every cohort of 6 patients with a solid tumor must be evaluable for hematologic toxicity in the dose-escalation part of the study; if dose-limiting hematologic toxicity is observed, all subsequent patients enrolled must be evaluable for hematologic toxicity * Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \>= 70 ml/min/1.73 m\^2 or a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows: * 2 to \< 6 years: 0.8 mg/dL * 6 to \< 10 years: 1 mg/dL * 10 to \< 13 years: 1.2 mg/dL * 13 to \< 16 years: 1.5 mg/dL (male), 1.4 mg/dL (female) * \>= 16 years: 1.7 mg/dL (male), 1.4 mg/dL (female) * Urine protein: =\< 30 mg/dl in urinalysis or =\< 1+ on dipstick, unless quantitative protein is \< 1000 mg in a 24 hour (h) urine sample * Bilirubin (sum of conjugated + unconjugated) =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age * Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\]) =\< 110 U/L; for the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT is 45 U/L * Serum albumin \>= 2.8 g/dL * Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) =\< 1.5 x ULN * Serum amylase =\< 1.5 x ULN * Serum lipase =\< 1.5 x ULN * A blood pressure (BP) =\< the 95th percentile for age, height, and gender, and not receiving medication for treatment of hypertension; please note that 3 serial blood pressures should be obtained and averaged to determine baseline BP * Central nervous system function defined as: patients with seizure disorder may be enrolled if receiving non-enzyme inducing anticonvulsants and well controlled * No history of congenital prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) syndrome, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV congestive heart failure (CHF) * No clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias, stroke or myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment * QTc =\< 480 msec; Note: patients with grade 1 prolonged QTc (450-480 msec) at the time of study enrollment should have correctable causes of prolonged QTc addressed if possible (i.e. electrolytes, medications) * All patients and/or their parents or legally authorized representatives must sign a written informed consent; assent, when appropriate, will be obtained according to institutional guidelines * Archival tumor tissue slides from either initial diagnosis or relapse must be sent; if tumor tissue is unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollment

Exclusion criteria

* Pregnant or breast-feeding women will not be entered on this study; pregnancy tests must be obtained in girls who are post-menarchal; males or females of reproductive potential may not participate unless they have agreed to use two methods of birth control - a medically accepted barrier method of contraceptive method (e.g., male or female condom) and a second effective contraceptive method of birth control - during protocol therapy and for at least 4 months after the last dose of XL184; abstinence is an acceptable method of birth control * Patients receiving corticosteroids who have not been on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid for at least 7 days prior to enrollment are not eligible * Patients who are currently receiving another investigational drug are not eligible * Patients who are currently receiving other anti-cancer agents are not eligible * Patients who are receiving cyclosporine, tacrolimus or other agents to prevent graft-versus-host disease post bone marrow transplant are not eligible for this trial * Patients must not be receiving any of the following potent cytochrome P450 family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 cytochrome (CYP3A4) inducers or inhibitors: erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, azithromycin, itraconazole, grapefruit juice or St. John's wort * Patients who are receiving systemic treatment anticoagulation are not eligible; patients receiving prophylactic systemic anticoagulation will be allowed as long as eligibility PT/INR requirements are met * Patients must not have received enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants within 14 days prior to enrollment * Patients who are receiving drugs that prolong QTc are not eligible * Patients must be able to swallow intact tablets; patients who cannot swallow intact tablets are not eligible * Patients with active bleeding are not eligible; specifically, no clinically significant gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, GI perforation, intra-abdominal abscess or fistula for 6 months prior to enrollment, no hemoptysis or other signs of pulmonary hemorrhage for 3 months prior to enrollment * Patients with evidence of an acute intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not eligible (patients with evidence of resolving hemorrhage will be eligible) * Patients who have had or are planning to have the following invasive procedures are not eligible: * Major surgical procedure, laparoscopic procedure, open biopsy or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to enrollment * Central line placement or subcutaneous port placement is not considered major surgery but must be placed at least 3 days prior to enrollment for external lines (e.g. Hickman or Broviac) and at least 7 days prior to enrollment for subcutaneous port * Core biopsy within 7 days prior to enrollment * Fine needle aspirate within 7 days prior to enrollment * Surgical or other wounds must be adequately healed prior to enrollment * Patients on antihypertensive therapy for control of blood pressure at the time of enrollment are not eligible * Patients with any medical or surgical conditions that would interfere with gastrointestinal absorption of this oral agent are not eligible * Patients who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible * Patients who have received a prior solid organ transplantation are not eligible * Patients who in the opinion of the investigator may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study are not eligible

Design outcomes

Primary

MeasureTime frameDescription
Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) or Recommended Phase 2 Dose of Cabozantinib S-malateUp to 28 daysMaximum dose at which fewer than one-third of toxicity-evaluable patients experience a dose limiting toxicity during cycle 1 of therapy.
Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of CabozantinibUp to 28 daysNumber of toxicity-evaluable patients who experience a dose limiting toxicity during cycle 1 of therapy stratified by dose level and study part.
Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malateUp to 24 hoursMedian (min, max) clearance of cabozantinib stratified by dose level and study part post-dose in cycle 1, day 1.

Secondary

MeasureTime frameDescription
Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malateUp to 5 yearsNumber of response-evaluable patients with response (CR or PR) determined by RECIST guideline (version 1.1) including CR: disappearance of all target and non-target lesions; PR: at least 30% decrease in sum of diameters of target lesions.
Biomarker Response (CEA and Calcitonin) in Patients With Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treated With XL184Up to 28 daysNumber of patients with tumor markers CEA and/or calcitonin 2x ULN at baseline defined as CR (normalization of CEA or calcitonin) or PR (at least 50% decrease in CEA or CTN) at least 4 weeks apart.
Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malateUp to 5 yearsMedian (95% CI) time to death stratified by dose level and study part.
Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 ConcentrationUp to 28 daysMedian (Min, Max) of change for VEGF-R2 sample from baseline to the day 21 or 28 stratified by dose level and study part.

Countries

Canada, United States

Participant flow

Participants by arm

ArmCount
Part A Dose Level 1: 30 mg/m^2
Patients receive 30 mg/m\^2 cabozantinib S-malate PO QD on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
6
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2
Patients receive 40 mg/m\^2 cabozantinib S-malate PO QD on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
9
Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2
Patients receive 55 mg/m\^2 cabozantinib S-malate PO QD on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
6
Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2
Patients receive 40 mg/m\^2 cabozantinib S-malate PO QD on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
4
Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2
Patients receive 40 mg/m\^2 cabozantinib S-malate PO QD on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
10
Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2
Patients receive 55 mg/m\^2 cabozantinib S-malate PO QD on days 1-28. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
6
Total41

Withdrawals & dropouts

PeriodReasonFG000FG001FG002FG003FG004FG005
Overall StudyAdverse Event111001
Overall StudyLack of Efficacy572263
Overall StudyPhysician Decision010120
Overall StudyWithdrawal by Subject003022

Baseline characteristics

CharacteristicPart A Dose Level 1: 30 mg/m^2Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Total
Age, Categorical
<=18 years
6 Participants9 Participants6 Participants4 Participants10 Participants6 Participants41 Participants
Age, Categorical
>=65 years
0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants
Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants
Age, Continuous15.5 years14 years15 years15 years8.5 years10.5 years13 years
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
2 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants1 Participants3 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
4 Participants9 Participants6 Participants4 Participants10 Participants5 Participants38 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
0 Participants2 Participants0 Participants0 Participants1 Participants0 Participants3 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
2 Participants0 Participants2 Participants0 Participants2 Participants1 Participants7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants1 Participants0 Participants0 Participants1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
1 Participants1 Participants0 Participants0 Participants2 Participants0 Participants4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
3 Participants6 Participants4 Participants3 Participants5 Participants5 Participants26 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
2 Participants7 Participants3 Participants2 Participants2 Participants4 Participants20 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
4 Participants2 Participants3 Participants2 Participants8 Participants2 Participants21 Participants

Adverse events

Event typeEG000
affected / at risk
EG001
affected / at risk
EG002
affected / at risk
EG003
affected / at risk
EG004
affected / at risk
EG005
affected / at risk
deaths
Total, all-cause mortality
3 / 61 / 93 / 62 / 47 / 103 / 6
other
Total, other adverse events
6 / 69 / 96 / 64 / 410 / 106 / 6
serious
Total, serious adverse events
3 / 65 / 93 / 62 / 46 / 103 / 6

Outcome results

Primary

Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate

Median (min, max) clearance of cabozantinib stratified by dose level and study part post-dose in cycle 1, day 1.

Time frame: Up to 24 hours

Population: Eligible Patients

ArmMeasureValue (MEDIAN)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate1641.7 ml/hr
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate1724.1 ml/hr
Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate3013.8 ml/hr
Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate2281.4 ml/hr
Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate2668.6 ml/hr
Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Clearance of Cabozantinib S-malate1363.8 ml/hr
Primary

Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) or Recommended Phase 2 Dose of Cabozantinib S-malate

Maximum dose at which fewer than one-third of toxicity-evaluable patients experience a dose limiting toxicity during cycle 1 of therapy.

Time frame: Up to 28 days

Population: Eligible Patients

ArmMeasureValue (NUMBER)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) or Recommended Phase 2 Dose of Cabozantinib S-malate40 mg/m^2
Primary

Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib

Number of toxicity-evaluable patients who experience a dose limiting toxicity during cycle 1 of therapy stratified by dose level and study part.

Time frame: Up to 28 days

Population: toxicity-evaluable patients

ArmMeasureValue (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib0 Participants
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib0 Participants
Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib1 Participants
Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib1 Participants
Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib4 Participants
Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Number of Evaluable Patients With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cabozantinib2 Participants
Secondary

Biomarker Response (CEA and Calcitonin) in Patients With Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treated With XL184

Number of patients with tumor markers CEA and/or calcitonin 2x ULN at baseline defined as CR (normalization of CEA or calcitonin) or PR (at least 50% decrease in CEA or CTN) at least 4 weeks apart.

Time frame: Up to 28 days

Population: Includes Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC) patients. The original protocol eligibility did not exclude Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC) patients from enrolling onto Part A . The exclusion was added with amendment 5A.

ArmMeasureValue (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Biomarker Response (CEA and Calcitonin) in Patients With Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treated With XL1840 Participants
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Biomarker Response (CEA and Calcitonin) in Patients With Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treated With XL1841 Participants
Secondary

Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration

Median (Min, Max) of change for VEGF-R2 sample from baseline to the day 21 or 28 stratified by dose level and study part.

Time frame: Up to 28 days

Population: Toxicity evaluable patients

ArmMeasureValue (MEDIAN)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration-1121.2 pg/ml
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration-2249.7 pg/ml
Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration-2087.3 pg/ml
Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration-1287.1 pg/ml
Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration-1742.2 pg/ml
Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Change From Baseline in VEGF-R2 Concentration-2519.4 pg/ml
Secondary

Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate

Number of response-evaluable patients with response (CR or PR) determined by RECIST guideline (version 1.1) including CR: disappearance of all target and non-target lesions; PR: at least 30% decrease in sum of diameters of target lesions.

Time frame: Up to 5 years

Population: response-evaluable patients

ArmMeasureValue (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate0 Participants
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate0 Participants
Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate1 Participants
Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate2 Participants
Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate0 Participants
Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Disease Response of Cabozantinib S-malate1 Participants
Secondary

Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate

Median (95% CI) time to death stratified by dose level and study part.

Time frame: Up to 5 years

Population: Response evaluable Patients

ArmMeasureValue (MEDIAN)
Treatment (Cabozantinib S-malate)Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate576 Days
Part A Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate1034 Days
Part A Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate869 Days
Part B Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate256 Days
Part PK Dose Level 2: 40 mg/m^2Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate737 Days
Part PK Dose Level 3: 55 mg/m^2Overall Survival (OS) of Cabozantinib S-malate24 Days

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov · Data processed: Mar 8, 2026