Nicotine Dependence, Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Cigarette Smokers, Healthy Non Smokers, Amphetamine, PET, Controls
Brief summary
A research study designed to examine amphetamine-induced dopamine release using the PET imaging agent \[11C\]PHNO in tobacco smokers while currently smoking and during acute withdrawal and in nonsmokers. Twenty healthy men and women tobacco smokers and twenty healthy nonsmokers will be recruited. Each subject will participate in 1 MRI and up to 2 \[11C\]PHNO PET scans. On the study day subjects will participate in two \[11C\]PHNO scans (ideally, the two PET scans will be carried out in the same day). Three hours before the second PET scan, amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, PO) will be administered. In smokers, the scan will occur at 10-21 days of smoking abstinence.
Detailed description
To determine amphetamine-induced DA release in tobacco smokers while currently smoking and during acute withdrawal and in nonsmokers. Twenty healthy men and women tobacco smokers and twenty healthy nonsmokers will be recruited. Each subject will participate in 1 MRI and up to 2 \[11C\]PHNO PET scans. On the PET study day subjects will participate in two \[11C\]PHNO scans (ideally, the two PET scans will be carried out in the same day). Three hours before the second PET scan, amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, PO) will be administered. In smokers, the set of scans will occur at 10-21 days of smoking abstinence. Smoking abstinence will be determined by carbon monoxide and urine cotinine (a breakdown product of nicotine in cigarette smoke) levels. Subjects will be asked to breathe into a breathalyzer to measure carbon monoxide and to provide a urine sample to measure cotinine. Smoking abstinence will be confirmed by carbon monoxide and cotinine levels that are reduced as compared to actively smoking. We hypothesize that smokers at 10-21 days of withdrawal will have amphetamine-induced DA release that is blunted compared to healthy nonsmokers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (3 T) will be collected in each subject to co-register PET and MRI for image analysis. Within two weeks of the PET study, an MRI will be acquired at the Yale University MRI Center. Subjects will be taken through a ferromagnetic metal detector before entering the scan room. The acquisition sequence is a 3D fast spoiled grass (FSPGR) MR pulse sequence with an IR prep of 300 ms. (TE= 3.3 ms, flip angle=17 degrees; slice thickness= 1.2 mm) optimized for delineating gray matter/white matter/CSF boundaries. The small voxel size (0.93 X 1.2 X 0.93 mm) provides high-resolution volumetric images. MR images provide a matching anatomical atlas for creating individualized region-of-interest templates for each subject. Subject preparation consists of two intravenous (IV) catheterizations and immobilization of the head. PET scans are acquired as subjects rest using an HRRT PET scanner (207 slices, resolution better than 3 mm FWHM). This resolution permits visualization of the PHNO and raclopride uptake in the ventral/dorsal striatum, in globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN). A transmission scan using an orbiting 137Cs point-source is obtained for each emission scan. Motion correction will be performed dynamically with measurements from the Vicra (NDI Systems, Waterloo, Ontario) used by a dedicated list-mode reconstruction algorithm.
Interventions
DRUGAmphetamine
All subjects will receive amphetamine to induce elevated dopamine levels in the brain at 0.5mg/kg
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Yale University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* men and women, aged 18-55 years * who are able to read and write * who are able to give voluntary written informed consent * have no current uncontrolled medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, liver, or thyroid pathology * have no history of a neurological or psychiatric disorder, e.g., no DSMIV Axis 1 diagnosis in 2 preceding years, except nicotine dependence in smokers) * drink less than 21 drinks/week for women and less than 35 drinks per week for men * have not used marijuana in the past 30 days and have not met criteria for dependence in the past 2 years * do not suffer from claustrophobia or any MRI contradictions * nonsmokers (smoked \< 40 cigarettes in lifetime with urinary cotinine levels 0-30 ng/mL both at intake evaluation and on scan day) * smokers (smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least one year with an FTND\>3, urine cotinine \>150 ng/mL and CO \>12 ppm at intake)
Exclusion criteria
* psychosis * presence of acute or unstable medical or neurological illness. Subjects will be excluded from the study if they present with any history of serious medical or neurological illness or if they show signs of a major medical or neurological illness on examination or lab testing including history of seizures, head injury, brain tumor, heart, liver or kidney disease, eating disorder, diabetes. * regular use of any psychotropic drugs including anxiolytics and antidepressants and other over-the-counter medications and herbal products within the last six months * pregnancy/breast feeding (as documented by pregnancy testing at screening or on days of the imaging studies), * suicidal ideation or behavior * pacemaker or other ferromagnetic material in body. * use of medications which affect dopamine transmission within 2 weeks of the PET study * participation in other research studies involving ionizing radiation within one year of the PET scans that would cause the subject to exceed the yearly dose limits for normal volunteers
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Dopamine Levels at Baseline and After Amphetamine Administration as Measured by Percent Change in PET Tracer Binding Potential. | first 90 minute scan at baseline, second 90 minute scan start 150 minutes post amphetamine administration | PET images will be obtained in subjects at baseline and after amphetamine administration. Dopamine release will be measured as a percent change in binding potential. Increased dopamine release will result in decreased radiotracer binding because dopamine will displace the radiotracer. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Cigarette Smokers Cigarette smokers are subjects who smoke 10 or more cigarettes per day in the past year. | 6 |
| Nonsmoker Subjects Nonsmokers are subjects who smoked 40 cigarettes or less in their lifetime, and none within the past year. | 4 |
| Total | 10 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Cigarette Smokers | Nonsmoker Subjects | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 1 participants | 1 participants | 2 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 1 participants | 1 participants | 2 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White, not of Hispanic origin | 4 participants | 2 participants | 6 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 6 participants | 4 participants | 10 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 9 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Dopamine Levels at Baseline and After Amphetamine Administration as Measured by Percent Change in PET Tracer Binding Potential.
PET images will be obtained in subjects at baseline and after amphetamine administration. Dopamine release will be measured as a percent change in binding potential. Increased dopamine release will result in decreased radiotracer binding because dopamine will displace the radiotracer.
Time frame: first 90 minute scan at baseline, second 90 minute scan start 150 minutes post amphetamine administration
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Subjects | Change in Dopamine Levels at Baseline and After Amphetamine Administration as Measured by Percent Change in PET Tracer Binding Potential. | -21 percent change in binding potential | Standard Deviation 12 |
| Nonsmoking Subjects | Change in Dopamine Levels at Baseline and After Amphetamine Administration as Measured by Percent Change in PET Tracer Binding Potential. | -29 percent change in binding potential | Standard Deviation 6.3 |