Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Incretin, Training, Glucagon like peptide, glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide, Gut, Exercise, Insulin, Focus:, Gut hormone, adaptations
Brief summary
It is well known that continuous physical exercise leads to a number of changes in the body. Maximal oxygen uptake; the heart's pumping ability and muscle mass and strength increases. Also the metabolism adapts: The ability to oxidize fat increase and the insulin sensitivity in primarily in muscle, but also in the liver increase. Also endocrine glands adapts according to the level of physical activity. It is known that in healthy, younger people the insulin secretion from the pancreas after administration of sugar consumed orally or given directly into a vein, is significantly lower in trained individuals compared with untrained. This change does, however, not only apply to glucose, as also stimulation by the amino acid arginine, shows the same pattern. It seems plausible that the endocrine glands/cells adapts to the level of physical training, but this has not yet been investigated. The gastrointestinal tract is the birthplace of a variety of hormones. One group of these is called incretin hormones. They stimulate the glucose dependant insulin secretion in the pancreas and affect hunger/satiety. Whether the incretin production and thus their concentration in the blood is regulated by physical training is unknown. Obese and patients with type 2 diabetes, has, in contrast to well-trained, decreased insulin sensitivity. As a consequence their (type 2 diabetics, at least early in their disease course) meal stimulated insulin release is greater than in healthy, normal weight individuals. This in spite of the fact that the incretin effect is reduced in obese people and patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy, normal weight. Whether physical training affects both the secretion of incretins and the incretin effect has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether incretin hormones in physical well-trained young men have a changed effect on insulin secretion from the pancreas compared to untrained young men. A difference may indicate that the body's endocrine glands adapts to training mode. The investigators hypothesis is that incretin hormones have a decreased effect on the glucose dependant insulin release in physically trained persons and thus results in a lower insulin release at any given plasma glucose level.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
University of Copenhagen
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CROSSOVER
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
20 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Sedentary: 50\>Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), ml\*min-1\*kg-1 OR endurance trained VO2max, ml\*min-1\*kg-1\>60 * 20-30 years * BMI: 18,5-25kg/m2 * Caucasian * Healthy
Exclusion criteria
* Any kind of medication or diabetes in the family (parents, siblings), * Non-caucasian
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Incretin Effect (the % of Insulin Secreted Due to the Release of the Intestinal Hormones Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1 and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)) | Test day 1 and 2 within 7 days. | The Incretin effect (the % of insulin secreted due to the release of the intestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP) is calculated as the difference between the insulin concentration during a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (day 1) compared to a 3 hour isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI) (day 2) that has similar glucose excursions. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Response Measured as Area Under the GIP Curve (AUC GIP). | Test day 1 and 2 within 7 days. | Comparison of the total release of GIP during the 3 hour OGTT and IIGI. |
Countries
Denmark
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Trained Healthy, Endurance trained (Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), ml\*min-1\*kg-1\>60), 20-30 year, BMI: 18,5-25kg/m2, males. | 11 |
| Untrained Healthy, sedentary (Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), ml\*min-1\*kg-1\<50), 20-30 year, BMI: 18,5-25kg/m2, males. | 10 |
| Total | 21 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Untrained | Trained | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 25 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 25 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 25 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 |
| Region of Enrollment Denmark | 10 participants | 11 participants | 21 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 21 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Incretin Effect (the % of Insulin Secreted Due to the Release of the Intestinal Hormones Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1 and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP))
The Incretin effect (the % of insulin secreted due to the release of the intestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP) is calculated as the difference between the insulin concentration during a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (day 1) compared to a 3 hour isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI) (day 2) that has similar glucose excursions.
Time frame: Test day 1 and 2 within 7 days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trained | Incretin Effect (the % of Insulin Secreted Due to the Release of the Intestinal Hormones Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1 and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)) | 72 percentage | Standard Error 4 |
| Untrained | Incretin Effect (the % of Insulin Secreted Due to the Release of the Intestinal Hormones Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1 and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)) | 67 percentage | Standard Error 3 |
Secondary
The Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Response Measured as Area Under the GIP Curve (AUC GIP).
Comparison of the total release of GIP during the 3 hour OGTT and IIGI.
Time frame: Test day 1 and 2 within 7 days.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trained | The Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Response Measured as Area Under the GIP Curve (AUC GIP). | Post OGTT | 3978 pmol/L * 210 min | Standard Error 565 |
| Trained | The Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Response Measured as Area Under the GIP Curve (AUC GIP). | Post IIGI | 692 pmol/L * 210 min | Standard Error 103 |
| Untrained | The Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Response Measured as Area Under the GIP Curve (AUC GIP). | Post OGTT | 3819 pmol/L * 210 min | Standard Error 452 |
| Untrained | The Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Response Measured as Area Under the GIP Curve (AUC GIP). | Post IIGI | 725 pmol/L * 210 min | Standard Error 202 |