Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Conditions
Keywords
Gestational Diabetes, postpartum, nutrition, exercise
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to find out whether women who have had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will make healthier lifestyle choices, achieve weight goals, and complete postpartum care assessments after receiving two online classes on healthy nutrition and exercise classes at 6 weeks - 3 months and at 9 months postpartum.
Detailed description
For this pilot study, we propose to conduct a 3-grouped randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether a 1 ½ to 2 hour on-line nutrition and physical activity intervention +/- block testing of blood glucoses fasting and 2 hours after each meal for 4 days/month from starting at 3 months postpartum and concluding at 9 months postpartum will: 1) improve adherence to the receipt of diabetes screening at 12 months postpartum through the recommended 75 gram 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or fasting blood glucose test, 2) lower glucose values on the 75 gram 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test or fasting blood glucose test and 3) improve attainment of weight loss targets among women with a recent history of GDM. Patients will participate in an online nutrition and physical activity class from 6 weeks to 3 months and 9 months for women assigned to both groups 2 and 3. For those women assigned to group 3, they will also do block testing using an assigned blood glucose meter and test strips 4 times a day for 4 consecutive days each month, starting at 3 months and ending at 9 months. Women will have the option of submitting meter blood glucose data via e-mailed logs or downloading directly to the clinic using Diasend software. Once downloaded, the Diasend software will create a PDF document with all recorded blood glucose values. For purposes of this study, we will obtain a Diasend account specific to this study, which will allow women to download blood glucose information with an anonymous unique identifier that can be accessed by the study's Principal Investigator and the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI)-certified, International Review Board (IRB)-approved research assistant. Upon accessing the PDF document with the blood glucose meter information, both the PI and the Research Assistant can link blood glucose data with questionnaire and other health information collected in this study through the unique identifiers.
Interventions
BEHAVIORAL2 online nutrition and exercise education classes
Two online nutrition and physical activity classes will accessed from a computer, android phone or a tablet. Each class is estimated to last about 1.5- 2 hours and will be accessed 6 weeks-3 months and 9 months
BEHAVIORALSelf monitoring of blood glucose levels
Self monitoring of blood glucose levels four times a day for four consecutive days once a month from 6 weeks-3 months through 9 months post partum
Sponsors
Roche Diagnostics GmbH
Joslin Diabetes Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
21 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Gestational Diabetes * Age between 21 and 45 years * Preconception BMI 19-40 * Seen for at least 2 visits in the Diabetes in Pregnancy Program during their pregnancy * Singleton pregnancy
Exclusion criteria
* Preexisting diabetes or diabetes diagnosed at the 6 week 75 gram 2 hour OGTT * BMI \>40 * Multiple gestation (i.e., twins, triplets, etc.)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Weight Loss | 1 year postpartum | 1\. Postpartum weight loss (target 7% less than the pre-pregnancy weight for overweight/obese women and back to pre-pregnancy weight for normal BMI women). This will be based on medical record information on pre-pregnancy weight and self-reported or health-care provider reported weight at 12 months. |
| Postpartum Diabetes Screening at One Year | 1 year postpartum | 1. Adherence to diabetes screening using the 75 gram 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or fasting blood glucose at 12 months (+/- 3 months). 2. Lab results from the fasting glucose test or results from a 75 gram 2 hour OGTT at 12 months among women who choose to take the diabetes screening test. |
| Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Assessed at 6 weeks to 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months, 6 months reported | 2\. Determine to what extent barriers to health impact adherence rates to post partum screening and weight loss targets through a web-based questionnaire collected on the 6 weeks to 3 months, 6, 9, and 12 month questionnaires. These questionnaires will assess whether: lack of self care, perception of high infant care giving needs, fear of diabetes diagnosis and postpartum depressive symptoms, difficulty accessing medical care, dissatisfaction with medical care or primary care physician not recommending screening are associated with poorer adherence to diabetes screening guidelines and weight loss goals. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, all reported | Determine to what extent types of food products and amount of exercise frequented by women with gestational diabetes postpartum impacted adherence rates to weight loss targets through a web-based questionnaire collected at the 3 month, 6 month and 9 month follow-up. These questionnaires will assess whether eating patterns associated with poorer adherence to diabetes screening guidelines and weight loss goals. |
| Food Frequency Questionnaire | 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, all reported | The table shows the percent of women eating each food daily or nearly daily. |
| Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, all reported | This table below shows the average hours per week spent on each activity. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Originally, the number of participants in each of the arms was supposed to be 10 participants per arm. However, due to assignment error, Group 2 only received 8 participants and Group 3 received an additional 2.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Standard Care Standard postpartum care after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes | 10 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes Standard postpartum care after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes
2 online nutrition and exercise education classes
2 online nutrition and exercise education classes: Two online nutrition and physical activity classes will accessed from a computer, android phone or a tablet. Each class is estimated to last about 1.5- 2 hours and will be accessed 6 weeks-3 months and 9 months | 8 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring Standard postpartum care after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes
2 online nutrition and exercise education classes
Self monitoring of blood glucose levels
2 online nutrition and exercise education classes: Two online nutrition and physical activity classes will accessed from a computer, android phone or a tablet. Each class is estimated to last about 1.5- 2 hours and will be accessed 6 weeks-3 months and 9 months
Self monitoring of blood glucose levels: Self monitoring of blood glucose levels four times a day for four consecutive days once a month from 6 weeks-3 months through 9 months post partum | 12 |
| Total | 30 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Standard Care | Standard Care+Education Classes | Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 10 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 35.3 years | 35.3 years | 34.6 years | 35.1 years |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 9 Participants | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 8 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes | 10 Participants | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 30 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 12 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 12 |
Outcome results
Primary
Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals
2\. Determine to what extent barriers to health impact adherence rates to post partum screening and weight loss targets through a web-based questionnaire collected on the 6 weeks to 3 months, 6, 9, and 12 month questionnaires. These questionnaires will assess whether: lack of self care, perception of high infant care giving needs, fear of diabetes diagnosis and postpartum depressive symptoms, difficulty accessing medical care, dissatisfaction with medical care or primary care physician not recommending screening are associated with poorer adherence to diabetes screening guidelines and weight loss goals.
Time frame: Assessed at 6 weeks to 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months, 6 months reported
Population: Lack of Self-Care, Infant Care: 1) Not at all 2) Seldom 3) Sometimes 4) Frequently 5) Always.~Fear of Diabetes Diagnosis \& PP Depression 1) Most of the time 2) Some of the time 3) Not very often 4) Not at all.~Difficulty Accessing Medical Care, Dissatisfaction w/ Medical Care: 1) strongly disagree 2) disagree 3) Neutral 4) Agree 5) Strongly Agree
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Dissatisfaction with Medical Care | 2.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Standard Care | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Fear of Diabetes Diagnosis & PP Depression | 2.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Standard Care | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Lack of Self-Care | 2.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Standard Care | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Perception of High Infant Care Giving Needs | 1.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| Standard Care | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Difficulty of Accessing Medical Care | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Lack of Self-Care | 2.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Fear of Diabetes Diagnosis & PP Depression | 2.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Dissatisfaction with Medical Care | 3.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 89 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Perception of High Infant Care Giving Needs | 1.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Difficulty of Accessing Medical Care | 3.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Difficulty of Accessing Medical Care | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Perception of High Infant Care Giving Needs | 1.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Dissatisfaction with Medical Care | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Lack of Self-Care | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Barriers Associated With Poorer Adherence to Diabetes Screening Guidelines and Weight Loss Goals | Fear of Diabetes Diagnosis & PP Depression | 2.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
Primary
Postpartum Diabetes Screening at One Year
1. Adherence to diabetes screening using the 75 gram 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or fasting blood glucose at 12 months (+/- 3 months). 2. Lab results from the fasting glucose test or results from a 75 gram 2 hour OGTT at 12 months among women who choose to take the diabetes screening test.
Time frame: 1 year postpartum
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | Postpartum Diabetes Screening at One Year | 0 Participants |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Postpartum Diabetes Screening at One Year | 1 Participants |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Postpartum Diabetes Screening at One Year | 1 Participants |
Primary
Weight Loss
1\. Postpartum weight loss (target 7% less than the pre-pregnancy weight for overweight/obese women and back to pre-pregnancy weight for normal BMI women). This will be based on medical record information on pre-pregnancy weight and self-reported or health-care provider reported weight at 12 months.
Time frame: 1 year postpartum
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | Weight Loss | 0 Participants |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Weight Loss | 0 Participants |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Weight Loss | 2 Participants |
Secondary
Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum
Determine to what extent types of food products and amount of exercise frequented by women with gestational diabetes postpartum impacted adherence rates to weight loss targets through a web-based questionnaire collected at the 3 month, 6 month and 9 month follow-up. These questionnaires will assess whether eating patterns associated with poorer adherence to diabetes screening guidelines and weight loss goals.
Time frame: 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, all reported
Population: Scale was ranked as follows: 1 = Never/Less than once a week; 2 = Once per week; 3 = 2 to 4 times per week; 4 = Nearly daily or daily; 5 = Twice or more per day Patients were asked to rank how often they ate certain types of foods (i.e. starches, vegetables, etc.). Individual questions were categorized into healthy vs. unhealthy neutral foods.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (3 month) | 1.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (6 month) | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (9 month) | 1.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (9 month) | 1.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (3 month) | 2.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (9 month) | 2.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (3 month) | 1.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (6 month) | 1.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| Standard Care | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (6 month) | 1.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (3 month) | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (3 month) | 2.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (3 month) | 1.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (9 month) | 2.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (9 month) | 1.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (6 month) | 2.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (6 month) | 1.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (6 month) | 1.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (9 month) | 1.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (3 month) | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (6 month) | 1.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (6 month) | 2.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (9 month) | 2.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (3 month) | 1.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (3 month) | 1.75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Healthy Food (9 month) | 2.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Unhealthy Food (9 month) | 1.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Dietary Pattern Assessment of Women With Gestational Diabetes Postpartum | Frequency of Neutral Food (6 month) | 2.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
Secondary
Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum
This table below shows the average hours per week spent on each activity.
Time frame: 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, all reported
Population: The Overall Number of Participants Analyzed defines the number of participants enrolled in the study.~The Number in the Rows indicates the number of participants that completed the follow-up surveys required for participation in the study.~The standard deviation represents the SD from the scores on the scale utilized, not the average numbers per week spent on each activity.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (3 months) | 3.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (6 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.89 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (3 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.14 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (3 months) | 0.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.31 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (6 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.04 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (6 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.91 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (3 months) | 0.004 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (6 months) | 20.8 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.63 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (9 months) | 3.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (6 months) | 3.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.99 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (9 months) | 1.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.94 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (3 months) | 0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (6 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.73 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (9 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (3 month) | 0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (6 month) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (9 month) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.46 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (3 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (9 months) | 0.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.27 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (3 month) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (6 month) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (9 month) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (6 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (9 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (9 months) | 0.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.75 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (3 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (9 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (6 months) | 0.02 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (9 months) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (3 months) | 15.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (9 months) | 22.7 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.29 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing At Home (3 months) | 13.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing At Home (6 months) | 21.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.46 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing at Home (9 months) | 24.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.56 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (3 months) | 17.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.91 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (6 months) | 20.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.35 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (9 months) | 18.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (3 months) | 6.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.58 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (6 months) | 6.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (9 months) | 5.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (3 months) | 11.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.28 |
| Standard Care | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (6 months) | 6.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (6 months) | 0.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.49 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (3 months) | 1.7 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.35 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (3 months) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing At Home (6 months) | 11.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (6 month) | 0.03 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (6 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.34 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (9 month) | 1.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.88 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (6 months) | 5.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.58 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (3 months) | 10.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.08 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (9 months) | 0.7 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.83 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (3 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.12 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (3 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.73 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (6 month) | 0.01 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing at Home (9 months) | 9.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (6 months) | 1.04 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.92 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (6 months) | 0.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.35 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (9 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.24 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (3 months) | 6.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (3 months) | 8.8 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (3 months) | 0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (9 months) | 0.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.68 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (3 month) | 0.01 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (6 months) | 0.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.77 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (6 months) | 10.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.58 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (6 months) | 7.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (9 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.67 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (3 months) | 4.8 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (9 months) | 4.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (6 months) | 20.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.92 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (9 months) | 0.7 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (9 months) | 19.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.07 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (6 months) | 2.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.74 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (3 month) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (9 month) | 0.04 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (9 months) | 0.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (3 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.73 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (9 months) | 6.8 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.52 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (3 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (9 months) | 0.7 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.83 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing At Home (3 months) | 16.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (6 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (9 months) | 18.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.95 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (6 months) | 0.03 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (9 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (3 months) | 10.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (3 month) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (6 month) | 0.03 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing At Home (6 months) | 11.8 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Running (9 month) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (6 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (9 months) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing at Home (9 months) | 8.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (3 month) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (6 months) | 8.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (6 month) | 0.02 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (3 months) | 0.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.89 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (3 months) | 17.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.49 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (6 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.99 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Yoga/Stretching (9 months) | 0.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.67 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (6 months) | 0.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.24 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (9 months) | 0.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.07 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (6 months) | 28.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.81 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Bicycling (3 months) | 0.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (6 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Aerobic (9 month) | 0.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting Total (9 months) | 33.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Vigorous Activity (3 months) | 0.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.93 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (9 months) | 0.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.76 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (3 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.19 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (9 months) | 8.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (6 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Arm Weights (9 months) | 0.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.37 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Leg Weights (3 months) | 0.04 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (3 months) | 21.0 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.51 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (6 months) | 10.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (6 months) | 6.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Other Sitting (9 months) | 6.4 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (3 months) | 2.2 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.85 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (6 months) | 2.6 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.24 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing Total (9 months) | 24.7 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.22 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Walking (9 months) | 3.5 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Sitting to Watch TV (3 months) | 13.3 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.51 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Jogging (3 months) | 0.1 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.19 |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Exercise Frequency in Women With Gestational Diabetes Post-Partum | Standing At Home (3 months) | 19.9 average hours per week | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
Secondary
Food Frequency Questionnaire
The table shows the percent of women eating each food daily or nearly daily.
Time frame: 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, all reported
Population: The Overall Number of Participants Analyzed defines the number of participants enrolled in the study.~The Number in the Rows indicates the number of participants that completed the follow-up surveys required for participation in the study.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (6 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (9 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (6 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (9 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (6 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (3 months) | 67.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (3 months) | 12.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (6 months) | 57.1 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (3 months) | 12.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (9 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (6 months) | 14.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (9 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (9 months) | 14.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (3 months) | 37.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (6 months) | 57.1 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (6 months) | 57.2 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (3 months) | 12.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (9 months) | 57.1 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (6 months) | 16.7 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (3 months) | 12.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (3 months) | 87.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (9 months) | 71.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (6 months) | 57.2 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (9 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (9 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (9 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (3 months) | 12.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (3 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (6 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (9 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (3 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (3 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (9 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (9 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (9 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (9 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (3 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (6 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (9 months) | 80.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (6 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (9 months) | 50.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (3 months) | 80.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (3 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (6 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (3 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (6 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (9 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (3 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (6 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (9 months) | 60.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (3 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (6 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (3 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (6 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (9 months) | 0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (3 months) | 20.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (6 months) | 40.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (6 months) | 14.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (3 months) | 62.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (6 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (9 months) | 16.7 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (9 months) | 33.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (3 months) | 50.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Processed Meat (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (9 months) | 50.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Citrus (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (6 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Fruit (6 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Veg (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Deep Fried Food (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (9 months) | 33.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Chicken/Turkey (6 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Fish (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Leafy Greens (9 months) | 50.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (9 months) | 50.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (6 months) | 71.4 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Canned Tuna (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (3 months) | 12.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Grain (3 months) | 37.5 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (9 months) | 16.7 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (6 months) | 14.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (9 months) | 16.7 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (9 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Pasta (9 months) | 16.7 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (6 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Eggs (3 months) | 25.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (9 months) | 66.7 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (6 months) | 42.9 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (6 months) | 28.6 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Other Seafood (3 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Baked Goods (9 months) | 33.3 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Low Fat Milk (3 months) | 50.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Dark Fish (6 months) | 0.0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Beef (3 months) | 0 % women eating food daily or near daily |
| Standard Care+Education Classes+Glucose Monitoring | Food Frequency Questionnaire | Whole Milk (6 months) | 57.1 % women eating food daily or near daily |