Anemia, Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Iron Deficiency, Preterm Delivery
Conditions
Keywords
prepregnancy, micronutrient, supplementation, maternal, child, health
Brief summary
The study evaluates the efficacy of providing weekly iron-folate (IFA) supplements or Multiple Micronutrient (MM) supplements before pregnancy in increasing birth weight and duration of gestation as well as maternal and infant iron status.
Detailed description
Low birth weight and anemia remain intractable problems in many developing countries despite considerable efforts to address them. Intervening with just prenatal iron-folate (IFA) supplements may not be the best approach given the substantial demands for iron by maternal and fetal tissues. Therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate the additional contribution of prepregnancy interventions. The study evaluates the efficacy of providing weekly iron-folate (IFA) supplements or Multiple Micronutrient (MM) supplements before pregnancy in increasing birth weight and duration of gestation as well as maternal and infant iron status.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTFolic Acid
It is unethical to have a placebo group as FA is universally recommended for WRA to prevent neural tube defects. Therefore, the control group will receive 2800 μg FA once a week during the pre-pregnancy period. This dosage is safe and meets the minimum recommended intake of 400 μg/d for Women of Reproductive Age (WRA). Recent studies have shown that a weekly dose of 2800 μg FA is as effective as a daily dose of 400 μg in improving folic acid and reducing homocysteine levels among WRA.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTMultiple Micronutrient
There is no current recommendation for weekly MM supplements for WRA. Therefore, we propose a supplement that contains: The same amounts of iron and folic acid as the weekly, pre-natal IFA supplement; An amount of vitamin D based on the Food and Nutrition Board's Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA); UNICEF/WHO/UNU recommended amounts of remaining nutrients (UNIMMAP recommendations). The supplement is taken weekly during pre-pregnancy. Vitamin A (μg) 800 Vitamin D (IU) 600 Vitamin E (mg) 10 Vitamin C (mg) 70 Thiamine (mg) 1.4 Riboflavin (mg) 1.4 Niacin (mg) 18 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.9 Vitamin B12 (μg) 2.6 Folic acid (μg)\* 2800 Iron (mg)\* 60 Zinc (mg) 15 Copper (mg) 2 Selenium (μg) 65 Iodine (μg) 150
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTIron and Folic Acid
The doses of weekly and daily iron (60mg) and folic acid (2800μg) are based on current WHO recommendations for WRA.
Sponsors
Micronutrient Initiative
The Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition
Emory University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 18-35 years old * Currently married * Currently living in one of the 10 communes and intends to live in the areas for 24 months following recruitment * Plans to have children in the next year * Agrees to participate with informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Currently pregnant * Delivered in the previous six months * Regularly consumed IFA or MM supplements in the past 2 months * Severe anemia (Hb \< 7 g/L) * History of high risk pregnancy including abruptio placenta, placenta previa, gestational diabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension, coagulation disorders, thrombocytopenia or chronic vascular, renal or systemic disease and drug use * Chronic hematological diseases, hereditary defects of red cells or hemoglobin
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Body composition (Lean mass/fat free mass index) | Up to 7 years post enrollment | Body composition (Lean mass/fat free mass index) in offspring of women receiving only FA, offspring of women who receive weekly pre-pregnancy IFA, and offspring of women who receive weekly MM supplements |
| Weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) | Up to 7 years post enrollment | Weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) in offspring of women receiving only FA, offspring of women who receive weekly pre-pregnancy IFA, and offspring of women who receive weekly MM supplements |
| Height-for-age Z score (HAZ) | Up to 7 years post enrollment | Height-for-age Z score (HAZ) in offspring of women receiving only FA, offspring of women who receive weekly pre-pregnancy IFA, and offspring of women who receive weekly MM supplements |
| Weight -for-Height Z (WHZ) or Body Mass Index Z score (BMIZ) | Up to 7 years post enrollment | Weight -for-Height Z score (WHZ) or BMIZ in offspring of women receiving only FA, offspring of women who receive weekly pre-pregnancy IFA, and offspring of women who receive weekly MM supplements |
| Birth Size | At birth | Infants' weight, length and head circumference will be measured as early as possible within 24 hours after birth using standard procedures. All measurements will be obtained in duplicate by the same data collector. Weight-for-age and length-for-age z scores will be calculated using the 2006 WHO reference data. |
| Gestational Age | At birth | Gestational age will be calculated based on the date of last menstrual period. This method has been shown to be reliable in previous work and we expect precise estimates since we will be visiting women weekly from baseline during the prepregnancy period and will exclude women who may be have delivered in the past 6 months. |
| Child growth | From birth through 24 months | Length and weight will be measured at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 mo |
| Child development | Up to 7 years post enrollment | Child development will be measured using the Bayley Scales for Infant Development III at 12 and 24 mo and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at age 6-7 y |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Infants' iron status | 1 and 3 months of age | Infant iron status will be measured in cord blood samples (5 ml) obtained at delivery and at 3 months of age using a capillary blood sample (100 l) that will be obtained from a heel prick. The hemoglobin concentration will be measured from a drop of blood using the HEMOCUE B- Hb photometer. The blood samples will then be centrifuged and serum samples will be aliquotted into microcuvettes and handled in the same way as described for mothers. Serum ferritin and transferrin receptor concentrations will be assayed using the ELISA method. |
| Maternal depression | At baseline, during pregnancy, 3 months postpartum | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) |
| Mothers' iron status | At baseline and 1 and 3 months post partum | Venous blood samples (5 ml) will be collected from women at: baseline, the first prenatal visit and at 1 and 3 months post partum. Anemia will be defined as Hb value \<12 g/L for non-pregnant women,and \<11g/L for pregnant women and infants, and iron deficiency as serum ferritin \<12 μg/L (93). |
Countries
Vietnam
Outcome results
None listed