HPV, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx
Conditions
Brief summary
Taking into account the excellent prognosis of patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer with \< 10 pack-year smoking, the investigators hypothesize that reducing the intensity of therapy for these patients will reduce treatment sequelae, notably long-term dysphagia, without affecting their cure rates. The main Aim is to assess whether reducing treatment intensity, by replacing concurrent chemotherapy with cetuximab, will indeed achieve improved long-term toxicity. The primary objectives include the following: to confirm that reducing treatment intensity in patients with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer and \< 10 pack-year smoking history by replacing concurrent chemotherapy with concurrent cetuximab, does not significantly increase the proportion of patients whose tumors recur, compared to our previous experience in similar patients receiving chemo-RT and to compare the toxicity in patients receiving cetuximab-RT to similar patients treated with 7 weeks of chemotherapy concurrent with RT (standard therapy) in UMCC 2-21.
Detailed description
The investigators have shown in past experience a high success in getting rid of oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil or base of tongue cancer) using chemotherapy and radiation therapy in patients who have not smoked, or only smoked a minimal amount of cigarettes or equivalent. In these patients, the cancer is thought to be caused by a virus (Human Papilloma Virus, or HPV). HPV is a virus that infects the epidermis (outermost layer of skin) and mucous membranes of humans. In general, patients with HPV-related cancer such as yours have a better prognosis compared with patients whose tumors are smoking-related. Taking into account the good prognosis, it is possible that reducing the intensity of therapy will not affect the high rate of tumor control, while reducing the side-effects of therapy. In this study, the investigators plan to reduce the intensity of treatment by replacing the currently used chemotherapy drugs with an FDA approved drug, cetuximab, which is a monoclonal antibody to a growth factor which helps cancer cells grow. By opposing the effect of the growth factor, cetuximab may help radiotherapy kill cancer cells without a lot of effect on the normal tissue. It differs from chemotherapy in its more selective activity against tumors compared to normal tissue Cetuximab has the chance to preserve the high rate of success in killing the tumor but may reduce the side effects and complications of therapy in comparison to chemotherapy drugs. The investigators would also like to know if taking cetuximab has any effect on certain cancer-related molecules in the cancer and the normal cells inside the cheek. They would like to test this by taking a small biopsy of the tumor, as well as a swab of the inside of the cheek, before and shortly after the start of therapy.
Interventions
DRUGCetuximab
Before Radiotherapy patients you will receive a single loading dose of cetuximab. Patients will also have two additional biopsies before and after cetuximab to determine how the tumor is affected. A Cetuximab infusion will also be delivered once a week during radiotherapy.Radiation will be started (70 Gy in 35 fractions over 7 weeks to the gross tumor, 50-60 Gy to subclinical target volumes) five days a week until the total dose of radiation prescribed by the doctor is reached. Radiation will be delivered concurrent with weekly cetuximab 250 mg/m2, delivered on Monday or Tuesday each week. In order to evaluate swallowing problems from radiotherapy, patients will undergo an evaluation of swallowing by videofluoroscopy (VF). Quality of Life questionnaires will be given before therapy and periodically up to 36 months after therapy. In order to assess if the tumor was completely eradicated, CT-PET scan will be performed 3 months after the completion of therapy.
RADIATIONRadiotherapy
Radiation will be started (70 Gy in 35 fractions over 7 weeks to the gross tumor, 50-60 Gy to subclinical target volumes) five days a week until the total dose of radiation prescribed by the doctor is reached. Radiation will be delivered concurrent with weekly cetuximab 250 mg/m2, delivered on Monday or Tuesday each week.
Sponsors
University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients must have pathologically-confirmed, previously untreated,stage III-IV(excluding N3 or T4) squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, without evidence of distant metastasis * Pretreatment tumor biopsy with sufficient tumor for HPV or p16 analysis is required. The tumor must be HPV(+) or p16(+) Smoking history \<10 pack-year or equivalent (including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and/or marijuana). One cannabis joint is equivalent to 5 cigarettes. (Aldington etal, Thorax 2007; 62:1058-1063). Smoking status definitions (National Health Interview Survey and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (Nelson DE etal al, Am J Pub Health 2003;93:1335): * Smokers: smoking now every day or some days in past month * Quitters: at least 100 cigarettes/lifetime and not smoking in the past 1-12 months * Former smoker: at least 100 cigarettes/lifetime and not smoking \>12 months * Never smokers: \<100 cigarettes (or equivalent)/lifetime * KPS \> 80 (see Appendix A) * Patients must undergo pre-treatment endoscopic tumor staging and PET-CT scanning * Laboratory criteria: * WBC \> 3500/ul * granulocyte \> 1500/ul * Platelet count \> 100,000/ul * Total Bilirubin \< 1.5 X ULN * AST and ALT \< 2.5 X ULN * Creatinine clearance \>30 cc/min * Patients must sign study specific informed consent * Patients must have, in the opinion of a treating physician, tumor that is accessible to biopsy in the clinic.
Exclusion criteria
* Prior head and neck malignancy or history of other prior non-head and neck malignancy (excluding skin cancer and early stage treated prostate cancer) within the past 3 years * Prior head and neck radiation or chemotherapy * Any medical or psychiatric illness, which in the opinion of the principal investigator, would compromise the patient's ability to tolerate this treatment or limit compliance with study requirements * Patients residing in prison * Patients with prior anti-epidermal growth-factor receptor antibody therapy (antibody or small molecule)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rate of Recurrence | 2 years | Number of patients whose tumors recur (includes local, regional, and distant recurrence; and second primaries). Note: Research indicates that freedom from local and regional progression (FFLRP) is a more meaningful measure. Therefore, the percentage of patients with FFLRP is included below as a Post-Hoc measure. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Adverse Events | 3 years | In order to evaluate the toxicity in patients receiving cetuximab-RT, adverse events were clustered into three categories: None, Mild-Moderate (grade 1 or 2), and Severe (grade 3 or 4). Graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (CTCAE v4). |
| Treatment Related Toxicities | 3 years | Toxicities are measured by number of participants who experience one or more types or indicator of toxicity, shown as all grades and grades 3-4. As each participant could have multiple toxicities, the number of incidents outnumbers the number of participants. Toxicities graded according to the CTCAE v4. |
| Mean Change in Tumor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) | Day 7 | The ratio (fold change) of tumor EGFR post/pre loading dose of cetuximab. Reported as the mean of fold changes across all participants who had an evaluable tumor sample. |
| Mean Change in Tumor Phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) | Day 7 | The ratio (fold change) of tumor pEGFR post/pre loading dose of cetuximab. Reported as the mean of fold changes across all participants who had an evaluable tumor sample. |
| Change in Tumor EGFR Level Relative to EGFR in Normal Mucosa | Day 7 | Normal mucosa EGFR was assessed for comparison with EGFR in tumor sample. The fold change in tumor EGFR level post/pre loading dose of cetuximab, relative to fold change in normal mucosa EGFR level post/pre loading dose of cetuximab was summarized across all participants who had an evaluable tumor sample and normal mucosa sample. The value reported is the ratio of fold change in tumor/fold change in buccal EGFR. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
43 patients consented, but one never began treatment.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy Patients received a single loading dose public) of cetuximab 400 mg/m (Day 0), then weekly cetuximab 250 mg/m concurrent with radiation. Within approximately 4 days after first (loading) dose of cetuximab, patients received radiation administered as 70 Gy in 35 fractions to the gross tumor, 50-60 Gy to subclinical target volumes. | 42 |
| Total | 42 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Cetuximab + Radiotherapy |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 58 years |
| Cancer Location Auditory Canal | 0 Participants |
| Cancer Location Hypopharynx | 0 Participants |
| Cancer Location Oral Cavity | 0 Participants |
| Cancer Location Oropharynx | 42 Participants |
| Cancer Location Unknown Primary | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 40 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| HPV Status Negative | 0 Participants |
| HPV Status Positive | 42 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 41 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 42 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 36 Participants |
| Smoking No | 36 Participants |
| Smoking Yes, current | 1 Participants |
| Smoking Yes, past | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 2 / 42 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 42 / 42 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 9 / 42 |
Outcome results
Primary
Rate of Recurrence
Number of patients whose tumors recur (includes local, regional, and distant recurrence; and second primaries). Note: Research indicates that freedom from local and regional progression (FFLRP) is a more meaningful measure. Therefore, the percentage of patients with FFLRP is included below as a Post-Hoc measure.
Time frame: 2 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Rate of Recurrence | 8 Participants |
Secondary
Change in Tumor EGFR Level Relative to EGFR in Normal Mucosa
Normal mucosa EGFR was assessed for comparison with EGFR in tumor sample. The fold change in tumor EGFR level post/pre loading dose of cetuximab, relative to fold change in normal mucosa EGFR level post/pre loading dose of cetuximab was summarized across all participants who had an evaluable tumor sample and normal mucosa sample. The value reported is the ratio of fold change in tumor/fold change in buccal EGFR.
Time frame: Day 7
Population: 7 participants had a sample size sufficient for EGFR analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Change in Tumor EGFR Level Relative to EGFR in Normal Mucosa | 1.31 ratio |
Secondary
Mean Change in Tumor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
The ratio (fold change) of tumor EGFR post/pre loading dose of cetuximab. Reported as the mean of fold changes across all participants who had an evaluable tumor sample.
Time frame: Day 7
Population: 8 participants had a sample size sufficient for EGFR analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Mean Change in Tumor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) | 1.2 fold change |
Secondary
Mean Change in Tumor Phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR)
The ratio (fold change) of tumor pEGFR post/pre loading dose of cetuximab. Reported as the mean of fold changes across all participants who had an evaluable tumor sample.
Time frame: Day 7
Population: 2 participants had a sample size sufficient for pEGFR analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Mean Change in Tumor Phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) | 0.55 fold change |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Adverse Events
In order to evaluate the toxicity in patients receiving cetuximab-RT, adverse events were clustered into three categories: None, Mild-Moderate (grade 1 or 2), and Severe (grade 3 or 4). Graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (CTCAE v4).
Time frame: 3 years
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | None | 0 Participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Mild-Moderate | 14 Participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Severe | 28 Participants |
Secondary
Treatment Related Toxicities
Toxicities are measured by number of participants who experience one or more types or indicator of toxicity, shown as all grades and grades 3-4. As each participant could have multiple toxicities, the number of incidents outnumbers the number of participants. Toxicities graded according to the CTCAE v4.
Time frame: 3 years
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | All Grades : Cutaneous Toxicity | 38 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | All Grades : Mucositis | 42 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | All Grades : Dysphagia | 37 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | All Grades : Hematologic Toxicity | 13 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | Grades 3-4 : Cutaneous Toxicity | 3 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | Grades 3-4 : Mucositis | 19 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | Grades 3-4 : Dysphagia | 7 participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Treatment Related Toxicities | Grades 3-4 : Hematologic Toxicity | 6 participants |
Post Hoc
Disease Free Survival Rate
Percentage of participants who survived without recurrent disease, from the time of enrollment to 1 and 2 years.
Time frame: 2 years
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Disease Free Survival Rate | 1 year | 85.7 Percentage of participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Disease Free Survival Rate | 2 year | 81 Percentage of participants |
Post Hoc
Freedom From Local Regional Progression (FFLRP)
Percentage of participants without first local or regional recurrence at one and at two years from the time of enrollment. Local recurrence refers to mouth or throat; regional recurrence refers to nearby lymph nodes.
Time frame: 2 years
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Freedom From Local Regional Progression (FFLRP) | 1 year | 87.9 percentage of participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Freedom From Local Regional Progression (FFLRP) | 2 years | 87.9 percentage of participants |
Post Hoc
Overall Survival Rate
Percentage of participants alive at 1 and 2 years after enrollment.
Time frame: 2 years
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Overall Survival Rate | 2 year | 95.2 Percentage of participants |
| Cetuximab + Radiotherapy | Overall Survival Rate | 1 year | 97.6 Percentage of participants |