Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Conditions
Keywords
Acute Leukemia, Complete Remission, Consolidation, Consolidation Chemotherapy, Cytarabine, Eltrombopag, Leukemia, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombopoietin
Brief summary
Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in complete remission will receive eltrombopag while undergoing consolidation chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine. Eltrombopag may help increase the number of platelets during chemotherapy and may help prevent the risk of bleeding. Phase I will study the side effects, best dose and platelet effects of eltrombopag when given with consolidation chemotherapy. After the maximum safe and tolerated dose and schedule is found in Phase I, the study will proceed to Phase II. Phase II will confirm the dose and schedule of eltrombopag identified in Phase I that can increase platelet counts in patients receiving consolidation therapy.
Detailed description
Consolidation chemotherapy with high dose cytarabine usually causes myelosuppression for 14 to 21 days after each treatment. Patients have low blood counts for days or weeks before the bone marrow resumes function. This may result in e.g., hospitalization, treatment with antibiotics, and transfusions with blood and/or platelets. In addition, this may cause a delay in treatment and reduction in dose. To achieve the best outcome from treatment, dose reductions and delays in treatment must be avoided. The incidence and duration of decreased white blood cells (neutropenia) and neutropenic complications have been reduced by the use of growth colony stimulating factors. Additionally, the use of erythropoietin-stimulating factors has reduced anemia and the need for red blood cell transfusions. Thrombocytopenia remains an important limiting factor in administration of chemotherapy and maintaining dose intensity in some patients. Additionally, the risk of bleeding secondary to low platelet counts may increase sickness or even death in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the principal cytokine involved in the regulation of megakaryopoiesis and platelet production. Eltrombopag is an orally bioavailable, small molecule, TPO-receptor agonist that stimulates platelet production by a similar, but not identical, mechanism to endogenous TPO. Eltrombopag has been approved in the U.S. for the treatment of chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Eltrombopag is also under development for other indications such as Hepatitis C Virus-associated thrombocytopenia, Myelodysplastic Syndrome/AML, and oncology related thrombocytopenias. This agent appears to possess many of the desirable properties for a treatment for chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia, including oral administration. The Phase I portion of this study will be conducted using a dose escalation/de-escalation strategy for patients in either the first or second complete remission. Dose escalations are planned in the form of both acceleration of date of initiation of eltrombopag relative to the start of consolidation chemotherapy as well as increasing daily dosing. The Phase II portion will be conducted using the dose and schedule selected from the Phase I portion of the study for those patients in first complete remission. Patients will be used as their own controls, e.g., a two-period two-treatment cross-over design. Patients will be randomly allocated 1:1 to one of two sequences. Patients randomized to Sequence A will receive eltrombopag with their first cycle of consolidation and placebo with Cycle 2. Patients randomized to Sequence B will receive placebo with their first cycle of consolidation and eltrombopag with Cycle 2. The treatment assignment will be blinded to the patient and all study/sponsor personnel. Patients will undergo blood sample collection for Thrombopoietin(TPO)/ Erythropoietin(EPO) and pharmacokinetic analysis of eltrombopag in Phase I and pharmacokinetic analysis of eltrombopag in the Phase II portion of the study.
Interventions
DRUGPhase I- Cytarabine & Eltrombopag
Cycle 1= Cytarabine 3 g/m² IV twice daily on Days 1, 3 and 5 (Patients \>60 years of age will receive cytarabine 1.5 g/m² IV per dose). Day 1 must start in AM. Eltrombopag (Open-Label) by mouth daily until platelet recovery or for 35 consecutive days, whichever occurs first. Phase I will determine the dose and schedule of Eltrombopag to be used in Phase II. One cycle of consolidation therapy with high-dose cytarabine and eltrombopag will be received on study. Additional chemotherapy may be administered at the investigators discretion without eltrombopag.
DRUGPhase II- Sequence A
Cytarabine 3 g/m² IV twice daily on Days 1, 3 and 5 (Patients \>60 years of age will receive cytarabine 1.5 g/m² IV per dose). Day 1 must start in AM. Eltrombopag by mouth daily (dose and schedule as determined in Phase I) with 1st cycle of high-dose consolidation chemotherapy and placebo by mouth daily with 2nd cycle. Eltrombopag/placebo will continue until platelet recovery or for 35 consecutive days, whichever occurs first. Additional chemotherapy may be administered at the investigators discretion without eltrombopag.
DRUGPhase II- Sequence B
Cytarabine 3 g/m² IV twice daily on Days 1, 3 and 5 (Patients \>60 years of age will receive cytarabine 1.5 g/m² IV per dose). Day 1 must start in AM. Placebo by mouth daily with 1st cycle of high-dose consolidation therapy and Eltrombopag by mouth daily (dose and schedule as determined in Phase I) with 2nd cycle. Eltrombopag/placebo will continue until platelet recovery or for 35 consecutive days, whichever occurs first. Additional chemotherapy may be administered at the investigators discretion without eltrombopag.
Sponsors
GlaxoSmithKline
Novartis
PrECOG, LLC.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
• Cytomorphologically documented diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Acute promyelocytic leukemia patients will be excluded (FAB M3). FAB classification, cytogenetics and molecular markers (if applicable) must be available at registration. Phase I Enrollment: * Must be in first or second complete remission, e.g., no evidence of active disease in blood, bone marrow (\<5% blasts), or other tissues. * For each remission, may have received no more than 2 cycles of induction treatment (any type). * May have received no more than one course of consolidation for the current remission prior to enrollment (any type) Phase II Enrollment: * Must be in first complete remission, e.g., no evidence of active disease in blood, bone marrow (\<5% blasts), or other tissues. * May have received no more than 2 cycles of induction treatment (any type). Enrollment in Either Phase: * Remission status must be documented by a bone marrow examination up to 28 days prior to study registration. * Have recovered from induction and first consolidation (if applicable) therapy side effects (or ≤grade 1). * ≥18 years of age and ≤70 years of age. * ECOG performance status 0, 1, 2. * Have not received cytotoxic drug therapy within 21 days of registration. * Have not received hematopoietic colony stimulating growth factors within 14 days of registration. * Have not received packed red blood cells or platelets within 7 days of registration. * Have not received investigational agents within 30 days of registration and will not receive any investigational agents other than eltrombopag/placebo during study. * Signed IRB-approved informed consent. * Willing to provide blood samples for research purposes. * Adequate organ function obtained within 28 days prior to registration: * Absolute neutrophil count \>1 x 10⁹/L * Platelet count \>100 x 10⁹/L * Total direct serum bilirubin ≤1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN) * ALT and AST ≤3x ULN * BUN and serum creatinine \<2x ULN * Albumin ≥2.5 g/dL * PT and PTT 80-120% of institutional normal range * Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 14 days of registration. * Not pregnant nor breast feeding. * Women of childbearing potential and sexually active males must use an accepted and effective method of contraception. * Patients of known East Asian ancestry (Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, and Korean) are excluded from protocol participation for safety and efficacy reasons. * Able to swallow and retain orally administered medication. * No clinically significant gastrointestinal abnormalities such as malabsorption syndrome or major resection of the stomach or bowels. * No clinical evidence of hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. * No known risk for Torsades de Pointes. (Eltrombopag use has not been shown to be associated with Torsades de Pointes.) * No active or unresolved infection and must be off all antibiotics for at least 7 days prior to registration. * No current evidence of invasive fungal infection. * No known Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C active disease. * No known Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositivity. The risk for potential toxicities secondary to HIV (e.g., increased risk for fatal opportunistic infection) may confound the toxicity profile of eltrombopag. * Patients with a history of Central Nervous System (CNS) leukemia are eligible if there is documentation of no current CNS involvement on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination (e.g., negative CSF by lumbar puncture) within 28 days of registration. * No prior or concomitant malignancy in the past 5 years which is currently active and likely to interfere with the patient's treatment for AML or which is likely to increase the patient's morbidity or mortality. No prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy allowed (unless related to AML treatment). * No concurrent organ damage or medical problems that would prohibit therapy.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Phase II- Assess if Platelet Count Recovery is Increased With Eltrombopag | 62 months | To determine if platelet recovery following consolidation chemotherapy is accelerated with eltrombopag. |
| Phase I- Optimal Tolerated Dose of Eltrombopag | 13 months | To determine the safety, tolerability and optimal dose of eltrombopag in acute myeloid leukemia patients in complete remission receiving intensive consolidation chemotherapy. The optimal dose was based on rules involving observation of Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT events), defined as a CTCAE Version 4 non-hematologic adverse event of grade 3 or higher occurring within 30 days of the last dose of eltrombopag judged by the investigator to be at least possibly related to eltrombopag administration. |
| Phase I - Dose Level With Best Kinetics of Platelet Count Recovery | 13 months | To describe the kinetics of platelet count recovery in acute myeloid leukemia patients in complete remission receiving intensive consolidation chemotherapy who will be receiving eltrombopag. This is assessed graphically by plotting platelet count vs. days relative to start of cytarabine for each patient. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Phase II- Red Blood Cell Transfusion Requirements | 62 months | To determine the impact of eltrombopag on red blood cell transfusion requirements. |
| Phase II- Bleeding Event Occurrence | 62 months | To determine the impact of eltrombopag on occurrence of bleeding events. |
| Phase II- Time to Platelet Count Recovery | 62 months | To determine the impact of eltrombopag on time to platelet recovery following consolidation chemotherapy. |
| Phase II- Duration of Platelet Nadir | 62 months | To determine the duration of platelet nadir in the setting of eltrombopag exposure. |
| Phase II- Safety of Eltrombopag With Consolidation | 62 months | To determine the safety and tolerability of eltrombopag when given at the optimal dose in the setting of consolidation chemotherapy. |
| Phase II- Depth of Platelet Nadir | 62 months | To determine the impact of eltrombopag on the depth of platelet nadir following a cycle of consolidation chemotherapy. |
| Phase I & Phase II- Pharmacokinetics of Eltrombopag | 62 months | To determine the plasma concentrations of eltrombopag in acute myeloid leukemia patients in complete remission receiving intensive consolidation chemotherapy (selected dosing regimen only). |
| Phase II- Platelet Transfusion Requirements | 62 months | To determine the impact of eltrombopag on platelet transfusion requirements in the setting of consolidation chemotherapy. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Exploratory- Eltrombopag Effect on TPO/EPO | 62 months | To determine if eltrombopag has an effect on TPO and/or EPO in this setting. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Study closed after phase I. Phase II study was not conducted.
Pre-assignment details
One patient did not start treatment because of an infection before starting protocol treatment.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Phase I- Cytarabine & Eltrombopag Cycle 1= Cytarabine twice daily on Days 1, 3 and 5 and Eltrombopag (Open-Label) until platelet recovery or for 35 consecutive days, whichever occurs first. Phase I will determine the dose and schedule of Eltrombopag to be used in Phase II.
Phase I- Cytarabine & Eltrombopag: Cycle 1= Cytarabine 3 g/m² IV twice daily on Days 1, 3 and 5 (Patients \>60 years of age will receive cytarabine 1.5 g/m² IV per dose). Day 1 must start in AM.
Eltrombopag (Open-Label) by mouth daily until platelet recovery or for 35 consecutive days, whichever occurs first. Phase I will determine the dose and schedule of Eltrombopag to be used in Phase II.
One cycle of consolidation therapy with high-dose cytarabine and eltrombopag will be received on study. Additional chemotherapy may be administered at the investigators discretion without eltrombopag. | 14 |
| Total | 14 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Phase I- Cytarabine & Eltrombopag |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 54 years |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 14 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 7 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 7 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 10 / 14 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 14 |
Outcome results
Primary
Phase I - Dose Level With Best Kinetics of Platelet Count Recovery
To describe the kinetics of platelet count recovery in acute myeloid leukemia patients in complete remission receiving intensive consolidation chemotherapy who will be receiving eltrombopag. This is assessed graphically by plotting platelet count vs. days relative to start of cytarabine for each patient.
Time frame: 13 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I- Cytarabine & Eltrombopag | Phase I - Dose Level With Best Kinetics of Platelet Count Recovery | 150 mg |
Primary
Phase II- Assess if Platelet Count Recovery is Increased With Eltrombopag
To determine if platelet recovery following consolidation chemotherapy is accelerated with eltrombopag.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Primary
Phase I- Optimal Tolerated Dose of Eltrombopag
To determine the safety, tolerability and optimal dose of eltrombopag in acute myeloid leukemia patients in complete remission receiving intensive consolidation chemotherapy. The optimal dose was based on rules involving observation of Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT events), defined as a CTCAE Version 4 non-hematologic adverse event of grade 3 or higher occurring within 30 days of the last dose of eltrombopag judged by the investigator to be at least possibly related to eltrombopag administration.
Time frame: 13 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I- Cytarabine & Eltrombopag | Phase I- Optimal Tolerated Dose of Eltrombopag | 300 mg |
Secondary
Phase II- Bleeding Event Occurrence
To determine the impact of eltrombopag on occurrence of bleeding events.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase II- Depth of Platelet Nadir
To determine the impact of eltrombopag on the depth of platelet nadir following a cycle of consolidation chemotherapy.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase II- Duration of Platelet Nadir
To determine the duration of platelet nadir in the setting of eltrombopag exposure.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase II- Platelet Transfusion Requirements
To determine the impact of eltrombopag on platelet transfusion requirements in the setting of consolidation chemotherapy.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase II- Red Blood Cell Transfusion Requirements
To determine the impact of eltrombopag on red blood cell transfusion requirements.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase II- Safety of Eltrombopag With Consolidation
To determine the safety and tolerability of eltrombopag when given at the optimal dose in the setting of consolidation chemotherapy.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase II- Time to Platelet Count Recovery
To determine the impact of eltrombopag on time to platelet recovery following consolidation chemotherapy.
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Study terminated during Phase I. No Phase II patients enrolled.
Secondary
Phase I & Phase II- Pharmacokinetics of Eltrombopag
To determine the plasma concentrations of eltrombopag in acute myeloid leukemia patients in complete remission receiving intensive consolidation chemotherapy (selected dosing regimen only).
Time frame: 62 months
Population: Data was not collected.
Other Pre-specified
Exploratory- Eltrombopag Effect on TPO/EPO
To determine if eltrombopag has an effect on TPO and/or EPO in this setting.
Time frame: 62 months