Obesity, Severe Overweight
Conditions
Keywords
Energy intake, Beef protein, Satiety, Protein leverage hypothesis
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine ad libitum daily energy intake, body weight changes and appetite profile in response to protein/carbohydrate and fat ratio over 12 consecutive days, and in relation to age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene alleles.
Detailed description
The protein leverage hypothesis requires specific evidence whether energy intake would depend on a possible protein intake target in humans. Meat protein as complete protein may show most beneficial effects on variables regarding food intake regulation.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTDifferences in protein content (En%) of meals
The three applied conditions will differ in the relative protein content of the meals, including 5 En%, 15 En% and 30 En% from protein. Beef protein will be used as main meat protein source in the 15 En% and 30 En% protein conditions. The resulting macronutrient compositions of the diets will be En% Protein/Carbohydrate/Fat; 5/60/35, 15/50/35, and 30/35/35. All meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) within each condition will have the same macronutrient composition. All food items, and the energy density, weight and volume of the meals will be the same between conditions. All snack items will be very low in protein content.
Sponsors
National Cattlemen's Beef Association, a contractor to the Beef Checkoff
Maastricht University Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy * Age 18-70 years * BMI 18-35 kg/m2 * Non-smoking * Weight stable
Exclusion criteria
* Smoking * Use of medication * More than moderate alcohol consumption * Vegetarian
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Energy intake | 12 consecutive days | Total energy intake over 12 days will be determined for each subject by adding energy intake during meals to energy intake from snack consumption. |
| Body weight change | 11 days | Body weight will be measured on day 1, 6 and 12. Subsequently, the change in body weight over time will be calculated. |
| Appetite profile | 12 consecutive days | Appetite profile will be measured by means of questionnaires: visual analogue scales (VAS). Area under the curve (AUC) will be calculated over 12 consecutive days. |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed