Behavioral Problems, Cognitive Problems, Motor Development
Conditions
Keywords
To determine whether 4-8 year-old children exposed to nicotine or antidepressants in utero have more behavioral problems., To determine whether 4-8 year-old children exposed to nicotine or antidepressants in utero have more cognitive problems., To determine whether 4-8 year-old children exposed to nicotine or antidepressants in utero have poorer motor development.
Brief summary
The purpose of this project is to conduct a follow-up study with women that had participated in the Yale Pink and Blue Study of depression in pregnancy and birth outcomes. The Yale Pink and Blue Kids Study is a follow-up study with the mothers and also with the children they were pregnant with in Yale Pink and Blue. These children are now between the ages of 4 and 8 years old, which is a perfect time to look at developmental outcomes in children. This study will look at children with exposure to nicotine or antidepressants during pregnancy, as well as children who were not exposed. The investigators hypothesis is that children who were exposed to either nicotine or antidepressants in pregnancy will have poorer developmental outcomes than children who were not exposed. The investigators are also interested in determining whether nicotine exposure or antidepressant exposure results in poorer outcomes. The investigators specific aims are: 1. To determine whether pre-school and school aged offspring exposed to maternal cigarette smoking or antidepressants during pregnancy are more likely to have social-emotional problems compared to children who were not exposed to cigarettes or antidepressants during pregnancy. 2. To determine whether pre-school and school aged children who were exposed to prenatal maternal cigarette smoking or antidepressants during pregnancy display cognitive impairments as compared to children who were not exposed to either prenatal maternal cigarette smoking or antidepressants. 3. To determine if pre-school and school aged children who were exposed to maternal prenatal cigarette smoking or antidepressants display impaired motor development as compared to children who were not exposed to maternal cigarette smoking or antidepressants in pregnancy.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Yale University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
OTHER
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
4 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Women who participated in the Yale Pink and Blue Study and had children born between 2005 and 2008. * Exposure to SSRIs during pregnancy will be defined as those women with no exposure in pregnancy and continuous use of SSRIs (defined as taking at least one SSRI during every trimester). * Exposure to nicotine will be defined as no exposure (no cigarettes during pregnancy), light exposure (an average of less than one cigarette a day over pregnancy duration), and heavy exposure (an average of one cigarette a day over the duration of pregnancy.
Exclusion criteria
* Spanish-Speaking women and women who live over a one hour driving distance from Yale will be considered ineligible. * Children are not eligible if their mother had gestational exposure to prescription drugs in the FDA-defined category of D or X, since this can confound our assessment. * Women with discontinuous use of SSRIs (defined as using SSRIs during pregnancy, but not every trimester) will also be excluded.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Externalizing and internalizing behavior | 1 year | The Revised Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-2) is one of the most widely-used measures for evaluating maladaptive behavioral and emotional problems in children between the ages of 2 and 18. It assesses internalizing (i.e., anxious, depressive, and overcontrolled) and externalizing (i.e., aggressive, hyperactive, noncompliant, and undercontrolled) behaviors. In addition to the CBCL-2, we will use direct observation of a 2-minute mother-child interaction session to measure externalizing and internalizing symptoms, as parent report on the CBCL-2 may be biased by maternal psychopathology. |
| Cognitive Impairment | 1 year | Cognitive impairment is measured using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2), which measures both verbal and nonverbal intelligence through questions , riddles, and pictures. A computer test, CogState, will also assess cognitive functioning, specifically executive functioning through card-related tasks that will ask a child to respond in different ways. |
| Fine & Gross Motor Development | 1 Year | Fine and Gross Motor Skills will be measured using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) (10), the most widely administered test of fine and gross motor skills in children ages 4 to 21. Administration time is approximately 60 minutes. Subtests include: Fine Motor Precision, Fine Motor Integration, Manual Dexterity, and Bilateral Coordination. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed