Parkinson's Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, Exercise
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how exercise training affects motor/hand function and brain function in those diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The investigators want to study if exercise will improve hand function and improve the level of brain activity.
Detailed description
Current medical and surgical approaches to Parkinson's disease (PD) are expensive and associated with a variety of side effects that may compromise the patient's quality of life. Development of a non-drug, non-surgical therapeutic approach to improve motor function would provide an attractive adjunct to current PD treatment approaches. Promising results from animal exercise studies have not been translated to patients with PD. Animal studies suggest forced-exercise produces an endogenous increase in neurotrophic factors. An increase in these factors is believed to improve the capacity of dopamine neurons to deliver dopamine and selectively increase dopamine levels within the dorsolateral striatum. Models of PD provide a theoretical framework for forced-exercise and explain why voluntary exercise is not associated with global improvements in motor function for PD patients. Based on model predictions, decreased motor cortical activation limits PD patients' ability to perform voluntary exercise at the relatively high rate used in animal studies that demonstrate a therapeutic benefit. Therefore, PD patients may not be able to exercise (voluntarily) at sufficiently high rates to trigger the endogenous release of neurotrophic factors thought to underlie global improvements in motor functioning. A safe lower extremity forced-exercise paradigm that augments PD patients voluntary exercise rates has been developed for humans in an ongoing R21 project. Similar to our initial study, PD patients completing an 8-week forced-exercise intervention exhibited nearly a 25% percent improvement in clinical motor ratings, patients completing a voluntary exercise intervention showed no improvement in clinical ratings. Our recent fMRI data indicate that an acute bout of forced-exercise in PD patients produces a similar subcortical and cortical activation pattern as is seen following administration of levodopa. Global improvements in motor function and increased neural activity suggest forced-exercise may be altering brain function in PD patients. The goal of this project is to determine and compare the effects of forced versus voluntary exercise on PD motor and non-motor function and associated changes in the pattern of neural activity. A single-center, parallel-group, rater-blind, study in a 2:2:1 randomization is proposed. A total of 100 mild to moderate idiopathic PD patients will be randomized to a voluntary, forced or no-exercise control group. Exercise groups will exercise at identical aerobic intensities, however those in the forced group will be provided mechanical assistance to perform exercise 35% faster than their voluntary exercise rate.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALForced exercise
Exercise on a stationary cycle that was controlled by a motor, to augment voluntary cycling rate by 35%. Intervention was administered 3 times per week for 8 weeks
BEHAVIORALVoluntary exercise
Exercise on a stationary cycle without motor assistance. Intervention was administered 3 times per week for 8 weeks
Sponsors
The Cleveland Clinic
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
30 Years to 75 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Able to provide informed consent. * Clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD. The diagnosis of PD will be based on the presence of at least two of the cardinal signs of this disorder (akine¬sia/bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity, gait and postural instability) with at least one of the signs being rest tremor or akinesia/bradykinesia. * Hoehn and Yahr stage II-III when off PD medication. * UPDRS motor score between 6-45 out of a maximum of 108 when off PD medication. * Stable anti-parkinsonian medication for one month prior to study enrollment or consistent in desire to stay off anti-parkinson medication. * Age between 30 and 75 years.
Exclusion criteria
* Clinically significant medical disease that would increase the risk of exercise-related complications (e.g. cardiac or pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke). * Dementia as evidenced by a score less than 116 on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. * Other medical or musculoskeletal contraindications to exercise. * Undergone any surgical procedure for treatment of PD, DBS, pallidotomy or thalamotomy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| MDS-UPDRS Motor III Score | Change from baseline over 16 weeks | The Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Motor III Score is a subscale of the MDS-UPDRS. The MDS-UPDRS III is the sum of 33 scores that evaluate Parkinson's disease motor symptoms on a scale from 0 to 4 points. A score of 0 indicated no symptom is present and a maximum score of 4 indicates the most severe symptom, the total scale range is 0-132, where higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. The primary outcome is the change in total motor subscale score in the MDS-UPDRS from baseline versus the three end of treatment (EOT) assessments. |
| Trail Making Test | Change from baseline over 16 weeks | The Trail Making test is a test of executive function and the primary outcome is total test time. The total time that it takes to complete the test was recorded at baseline and then after the end of treatment. Test time recording begins with the start of the test and ends when the test is completed. Longer times indicate worse executive function. The outcome is the change in test time on the trail making test from baseline to the end of treatment (EOT) assessment. |
| Number of Participants With Increased Motor Cortex and Thalamus Connectivity | Change from baseline to end of treatment | The primary outcome measure will number of patients that increased their connection between the motor cortex and the thalamus. The functional connection was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The outcome measure was change in connectivity from baseline to end of treatment. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Forced Exercise Forced exercise: Exercise on a stationary bicycle, driven by a motor controlled by an algorithm, to force an individual to pedal faster than their voluntary cadence, 3 times per week for 8 weeks | 40 |
| Voluntary Exercise Voluntary exercise: Exercise on a stationary bicycle without augmenting cadence 3 times per week for 8 weeks | 40 |
| No Exercise No-exercise/control: No exercise intervention is given. This group serves as a control group. | 20 |
| Total | 100 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Forced Exercise | Voluntary Exercise | No Exercise | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 63 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 | 61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 | 65 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6 | 63 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 38 Participants | 40 Participants | 20 Participants | 98 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 36 Participants | 36 Participants | 19 Participants | 91 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 17 Participants | 19 Participants | 6 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 23 Participants | 21 Participants | 14 Participants | 58 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 36 | 0 / 36 | 0 / 19 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 36 | 0 / 36 | 0 / 19 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 36 | 0 / 36 | 0 / 19 |
Outcome results
Primary
MDS-UPDRS Motor III Score
The Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Motor III Score is a subscale of the MDS-UPDRS. The MDS-UPDRS III is the sum of 33 scores that evaluate Parkinson's disease motor symptoms on a scale from 0 to 4 points. A score of 0 indicated no symptom is present and a maximum score of 4 indicates the most severe symptom, the total scale range is 0-132, where higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. The primary outcome is the change in total motor subscale score in the MDS-UPDRS from baseline versus the three end of treatment (EOT) assessments.
Time frame: Change from baseline over 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Forced Exercise | MDS-UPDRS Motor III Score | -4.8 change in MDS- UPDRS III score |
| Voluntary Exercise | MDS-UPDRS Motor III Score | -4.9 change in MDS- UPDRS III score |
| No Exercise | MDS-UPDRS Motor III Score | 1.8 change in MDS- UPDRS III score |
Primary
Number of Participants With Increased Motor Cortex and Thalamus Connectivity
The primary outcome measure will number of patients that increased their connection between the motor cortex and the thalamus. The functional connection was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The outcome measure was change in connectivity from baseline to end of treatment.
Time frame: Change from baseline to end of treatment
Population: A subgroup of participants from only the exercise groups were analyzed for this outcome measure, as not all participants in this study received functional MRI's. The No Exercise group was not included in this subgroup analysis and did not receive MRI.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Forced Exercise | Number of Participants With Increased Motor Cortex and Thalamus Connectivity | 4 Participants |
| Voluntary Exercise | Number of Participants With Increased Motor Cortex and Thalamus Connectivity | 2 Participants |
| No Exercise | Number of Participants With Increased Motor Cortex and Thalamus Connectivity | 0 Participants |
Primary
Trail Making Test
The Trail Making test is a test of executive function and the primary outcome is total test time. The total time that it takes to complete the test was recorded at baseline and then after the end of treatment. Test time recording begins with the start of the test and ends when the test is completed. Longer times indicate worse executive function. The outcome is the change in test time on the trail making test from baseline to the end of treatment (EOT) assessment.
Time frame: Change from baseline over 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forced Exercise | Trail Making Test | -3.26 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
| Voluntary Exercise | Trail Making Test | -2.91 seconds | Standard Deviation 7.83 |
| No Exercise | Trail Making Test | -3.8 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.36 |