Pain
Conditions
Brief summary
This study was conducted to explore the influencing factors, subjects and testers' evaluation about pain measurement with hand-held pressure algometer with different size probes. Methods:100 healthy undergraduate students(50 males and 50 females) were recruited into this study. Pain measurement including pressure pain threshold (PPT) and pressure pain tolerance(PTO) was carried out by the hand-held pressure algometer with different size probes (from 1cm2 to 0.01cm2) on three different measuring spots in right forearm. We recorded subjects' skinfold thickness, time per test procedure, types of pain perception, receptivity and degree of accuracy as well as testers' level of laborious.
Detailed description
Subjects with the following diseases were excluded: known history of chronic disease, psychiatric diseases or communication disorders, diabetes mellitus, severe cardiovascular diseases, kidney or liver diseases with poor hepatic function, alcohol or drug abuse, heavy smoker, Pregnancy or at lactation period .
Interventions
Sponsors
Study design
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Aged 20 to 30 The right hand is handedness Agreed to participate the research Not with known chronic disease Not taking analgesics within 3 months
Exclusion criteria
* History of chronic pain Psychiatric diseases Diabetes mellitus Severe cardiovascular diseases Kidney or liver diseases Alcohol or drug abuse Heavy smoker Disagree to participate to the research
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.01cm2 Probe | 1 hour after the procedure | The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites |
| Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.01 cm2 Probe | 1 hour after the procedure | The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites |
| Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.1cm2 Probe | 1 hour after the procedure | The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites |
| Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 1 cm2 Probe | 1 hour after the procedure | The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites |
| Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 1cm2 Probe | 1 hour after the procedure | The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites |
| Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.1 cm2 Probe | 1 hour after the procedure | The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Measuring Values of Skinfold Thickness | 10 minutes after the procedure |
| Time of Each Test Procedure | 10 minutes after the procedure |
Countries
China
Participant flow
Recruitment details
From June 2012 to December 2012, 100 health students were recruitmented in the Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science&Technology, Wuhan China.
Pre-assignment details
There was no significant events and approaches for the overall study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Male Subjects grouped by gender | 50 |
| Female Subjects grouped by gender | 50 |
| Total | 100 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Female Subjects | Total | Male Subjects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 50 Participants | 100 Participants | 50 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 24.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9 | 24.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 24.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 |
| Region of Enrollment China | 50 participants | 100 participants | 50 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 50 Participants | 50 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 50 Participants | 50 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 50 | 0 / 50 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 50 | 0 / 50 |
Outcome results
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.01 cm2 Probe
The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites
Time frame: 1 hour after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.01 cm2 Probe | 0.45 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Female Subjects | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.01 cm2 Probe | 0.44 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.1 cm2 Probe
The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites
Time frame: 1 hour after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.1 cm2 Probe | 1.61 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Female Subjects | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 0.1 cm2 Probe | 1.11 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 1 cm2 Probe
The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites
Time frame: 1 hour after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 1 cm2 Probe | 2.61 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Female Subjects | Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)With 1 cm2 Probe | 2.20 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.01cm2 Probe
The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites
Time frame: 1 hour after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.01cm2 Probe | 0.92 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Female Subjects | Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.01cm2 Probe | 0.93 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.39 |
Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.1cm2 Probe
The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites
Time frame: 1 hour after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.1cm2 Probe | 3.19 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 1.16 |
| Female Subjects | Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 0.1cm2 Probe | 2.34 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 1cm2 Probe
The value was calculated as a avarage value of different measurement sites
Time frame: 1 hour after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 1cm2 Probe | 5.13 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 1.79 |
| Female Subjects | Pressure Pain Tolerance (PTO) With 1cm2 Probe | 4.39 kg/cm2 | Standard Deviation 1.52 |
Measuring Values of Skinfold Thickness
Time frame: 10 minutes after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Measuring Values of Skinfold Thickness | 3.4 millimeters | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Female Subjects | Measuring Values of Skinfold Thickness | 4.3 millimeters | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
Time of Each Test Procedure
Time frame: 10 minutes after the procedure
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male Subjects | Time of Each Test Procedure | 16.8 seconds | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Female Subjects | Time of Each Test Procedure | 14.2 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.9 |