Depression, Positive Aspects of Caregiving, Quality of Life, Recovery of Function, Self Efficacy, Stress
Conditions
Brief summary
Aims and Intervention: The long-term goal is to implement stroke caregiver programs that involve low-cost interventions that are sustainable in routine clinical practice. The immediate objective is to test, using a randomized controlled trial, a problem-solving intervention for stroke caregivers that can be delivered during the transitional care period (e.g., time which Veteran is discharged to home) followed by online, in-home sessions. The investigators will modify the traditional, problem-solving intervention by adding web-based training using interactive modules, factsheets, and tools on previously developed and nationally available RESCUE Caregiver website (www.cidrr8.research.va.gov/rescue). The investigators will also provide on-line, skills training and application of the problem-solving approach via the RESCUE messaging center. The immediate, primary aim (#1) is to test the effect of the intervention on stroke caregivers' depressive symptoms at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection. Aim #2 is to test the effect of the intervention on stroke caregivers' burden, positive aspects of caregiving, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and satisfaction with care at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection. Aim #3 is to test the effect of the intervention on Veterans' outcomes: functional abilities and healthcare utilization (i.e., unintended hospital bed days of care, number of emergency room visits, number of unscheduled clinic visits) at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection. Aim #4 is to determine the budgetary impact for implementing the intervention. Aim #5 is to determine the facilitators, barriers and best practices for implementing the intervention. Design and Methods: The investigators will conduct a two-group randomized controlled trial. The investigators will enroll 240 stroke caregivers at 8 study sites (North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Healthcare System, Miami VA Healthcare System, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital in Tampa, Michael E. Debakey VAMC in Houston, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC in Richmond, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and the VA Boston Healthcare System). Eligible caregivers will be interviewed, complete baseline measures, and then be randomized to two groups: 1) intervention group, or 2) standard care. A team member will telephone caregivers at 11 weeks and 19 weeks after baseline data collection to answer questions on instruments with established reliability and validity. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with selected caregivers to obtain in-depth perceptions of the value, facilitators, and barriers of the intervention. Impact: This is the first known study to test a transition-to-home intervention combined with technology to improve the quality of caregiving and the recovery of Veterans.
Detailed description
Background: Caregiver depression is common following a family member's stroke and is a major contributor of survivor's hospital readmission and institutionalization. Researchers have consistently found that interventions to help caregivers resolve problems are effective in reducing depressive symptoms. However, these problem-solving interventions have been underused in practice because they involve multiple, in-person or telephone sessions and require large amounts of staff time to implement. To overcome these barriers, the long-term goal is to implement stroke caregiver programs that involve low-cost interventions that are sustainable in routine clinical practice. The immediate objective is to test, using a randomized controlled trial, a problem-solving intervention for stroke caregivers that can be delivered shortly after the Veterans' in-patient stays followed by online, in-home sessions. The investigators will modify the traditional, problem-solving intervention by adding web-based training using interactive modules, factsheets, and tools on previously developed and nationally available RESCUE Caregiver website (www.cidrr8.research.va.gov/rescue). The investigators will also provide on-line, skills training and application of the problem-solving approach via the RESCUE messaging center, a secure site behind the VA firewall. This work builds on the team's extensive experience in stroke caregiver education. The immediate, primary aim (#1) is to test the effect of the intervention on stroke caregivers' depressive symptoms at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection. Primary Hypothesis: Stroke caregivers who receive the intervention will have less depressive symptoms at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection compared to stroke caregivers who receive standard care. The investigators propose four secondary aims. Aim #2 is to test the effect of the intervention on stroke caregivers' burden, positive aspects of caregiving, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and satisfaction with care at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection. Aim #3 is to test the effect of the intervention on Veterans' outcomes: functional abilities and healthcare utilization (i.e., unintended hospital bed days of care, number of emergency room visits, number of unscheduled clinic visits) at 11 and 19 weeks after baseline data collection. Aim #4 is to determine the budgetary impact for implementing the intervention. Aim #5 is to determine the facilitators, barriers and best practices for implementing the intervention. Methods: The investigators will conduct a two-group randomized controlled trial with repeated measures and use mixed methods to determine caregivers' perceptions of the intervention. The investigators will enroll 240 stroke caregivers at 8 study sites (North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Healthcare System, Miami VA Healthcare System, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital in Tampa, Michael E. Debakey VAMC in Houston, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC in Richmond, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and the VA Boston Healthcare System). Eligible caregivers will be interviewed, complete baseline measures, and then be randomized to two groups: 1) intervention group, or 2) standard care. A study team member will telephone caregivers at 11 weeks and 19 weeks after baseline data collection to answer questions on instruments with established reliability and validity. The team member will review the Veterans' VA Computerized Patient Record System health record to obtain information on the Veterans' healthcare utilization. The investigators will determine the budgetary impact of the intervention by examining the cost data in the VA Managerial Cost Accounting System (MCAS) (formerly DSS) National Data Extracts and Non-VA Medical Care files. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with selected caregivers to obtain in-depth perceptions of the value, facilitators, and barriers of the intervention. Throughout all phases of the project, the investigators will collaborate with VA (Offices of Nursing Service and Office of Geriatrics and Extended Care. Impact: This is the first known study to test transition-to-home intervention combined with technology to improve the quality of caregiving and the recovery of Veterans. Other outcomes will be a state-of-the-art website and an evidence-based model (in-patient, discharge planning and online, training and caregiver-provider messaging) that can be transportable to other disease models
Interventions
BEHAVIORALCaregiver problem-solving
This is a problem-solving intervention for stroke caregivers that can be delivered shortly after the Veteran's in-patient stays followed by online, in-home sessions. The investigators will modify the traditional, problem-solving intervention by adding web-based training using interactive modules, factsheets, and tools on the investigators' previously developed and nationally available RESCUE Caregiver website (www.ciddr8.research.va.gov/rescue). The investigators will also provide on-line, skills training and application of the problem-solving approach via the RESCUE messaging center.
OTHERStandard Care
No intervention or treatment will be provided. The investigators will closely monitor the usual care that is provided to caregivers.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
DOUBLE (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
All caregivers of Veterans with a primary diagnosis of stroke are eligible for participation if they meet the following criteria: * are the primary caregiver and provide the majority of care for a Veteran who has a primary diagnosis of stroke (ICD9 codes for stroke: 430-438) and who has at least one activity of daily living (ADL) deficits or a new or worsening cognitive or physical functioning problem, * have Internet and email access and ability, * are reachable by cell or home phone, * read English at the sixth grade reading level or better, * score 1 or greater on the Perceived Stress Scale * Veteran has been discharged to home within the preceding four months or plans to be ultimately discharged to home * are agreeable to be randomized to the intervention or standard care group
Exclusion criteria
Caregivers who fail to meet one or more of the inclusion criteria and whose Veterans * are terminally ill * have a life expectancy of less than 6 months * are a prisoner, or * are professional caregivers who had no preexisting relationship to the Veteran * are enrolled or have completed similar caregiving interventions (at PI discretion) Life expectancy and service use will be determined by reviewing the CPRS records and conferring with the in-patient staff and with the investigators' clinical team members (MDs, RNs).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Depressive Symptoms at 11 Weeks | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in depressive symptoms will be measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert scale ranging from never (0) to most of the time (3). Possible scores range from 0-60 with higher scores indicating more symptoms. It has been used in numerous studies with caregivers and has good reliability and validity. |
| Change in Depressive Symptoms at 19 Weeks | 19 weeks after baseline | Changes in depressive symptoms will be measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert scale ranging from never (0) to most of the time (3). Possible scores range from 0-60 with higher scores indicating more symptoms. It has been used in numerous studies with caregivers and has good reliability and validity. |
| Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in burden will be measured by the Short Version of the Zarit Burden Interview (S-ZBI). This 12-item instrument was reduced from the original 29-item instrument. This instrument is scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (nearly always). Possible scores range from 0-48 with higher scores indicating higher burden. The instrument was originally developed to measure dementia caregiver burden, but, the S-ZBI has been used in stroke caregiver studies and items are appropriate for other caregiver populations. |
| Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in caregiver burden - time required will be measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS). It contains 15 items that rate different types of caregiving tasks for stroke survivors based on perceived time and difficulty of the task. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (total range from 15 to 75) with higher scores indicating greater time required or higher task difficulty. |
| Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in caregiver burden - task difficulty will be measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS). The OCBS contains 15 items that rate different types of caregiving tasks for stroke survivors based on perceived time and difficulty of the task. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (total range from 15 to 75) with higher scores indicating greater time required or higher task difficulty. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite | 11 weeks after baseline | Measured by Revised Scale for Caregiver Self Efficacy - Obtaining Respite subscale (Steffen et al 2002). The subscale contains 5 items which ask caregivers to rate their level of confidence (from 0% to 100%) to ask for assistance. The subscale score is obtained by calculating the mean of the items, with a total score range of 0-100. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy. The subscale shows strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. |
| Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts | 11 weeks after baseline | Measured by Revised Scale for Caregiver Self Efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts subscale (Steffen et al 2002). The subscale contains 5 items which ask caregivers to rate their level of confidence (from 0% to 100%) in their ability to control negative thoughts related to caregiving. The subscale score is obtained by calculating the mean of the items, with a total score range of 0-100. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy. The subscale shows strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. |
| Change in Perceived Stress | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in perceived stress will be measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). The 4-item measure asses stress experienced in the last month on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Scores range from 0-16, with higher scores indicating more stress. |
| Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in health-related quality of life will be measured by the Rand 12-item Health Survey (VR-12). The VR12 items are scored on a 3-point or 5-point Likert scale. It consists of physical and emotional scales. Scores for each scale are calculated by using an algorithm and scores are standardized using a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. There is no composite or overall score for the VR-12. |
| Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in health-related quality of life will be measured by the Rand 12-item Health Survey (VR-12). The VR12 items are scored on a 3-point or 5-point Likert scale. It consists of physical and emotional scales. Scores for each scale are calculated by using an algorithm and scores are standardized using a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. There is no composite or overall score for the VR-12. |
| Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in positive perceptions of caregiving will be measured by the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale. The scale contains 11 items scored from 1 (disagree a lot) to 5 (agree a lot). Total range from 11 to 55. Higher scores indicate more positive perceptions of caregiving. |
| Change in Stroke Knowledge | 11 weeks after baseline | Change in stroke knowledge will be measured by the Stroke Knowledge Instrument developed by the National Institutes of Health. This 7-item tool consists of true/false and multiple choice responses. Scores range from 0-7, with higher scores indicating more stroke knowledge. |
| Change in General Patient Satisfaction | 11 weeks after baseline | Changes in patient satisfaction will be measured by the General Satisfaction Subscale of the Long-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. This 6-item measure is scored from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). Total range from 6 to 30. Higher scores reflect better satisfaction with healthcare. |
| Change in Veteran Functional Status | 11 weeks after baseline | Change in Veteran functional abilities will be measured by the Barthel Index, which measures patients' abilities to perform 10 self-care tasks. Response options vary for each item and are scored on 5-point increments (e.g., 0=unable, 5=needs help, 10-independent). Total scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating greater functional abilities. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support problem-solving intervention for stroke caregivers that can be delivered shortly after the Veteran's in-patient stays followed by online, in-home sessions. The investigators will modify the traditional, problem-solving intervention by adding web-based training using interactive modules, factsheets, and tools on the investigators' previously developed and nationally available RESCUE Caregiver website (www.cidrr8.research.va.gov/rescue). The investigators will also provide on-line, skills training and application of the problem-solving approach via the RESCUE messaging center.
Caregiver problem-solving: This is a problem-solving intervention for stroke caregivers that can be delivered shortly after the Veteran's in-patient stays followed by online, in-home sessions. The investigators will modify the traditional, problem-solving intervention by adding web-based training using interactive modules, factsheets, and tools on the investigators' previously developed and nationally available RESCUE Caregiver website (www.ciddr8.research.va.gov/rescue). The investigators will also provide on-line, skills training and application of the problem-solving approach via the RESCUE messaging center. | 86 |
| Standard Care Caregivers receiving standard of care
Standard Care: No intervention or treatment will be provided. The investigators will closely monitor the usual care that is provided to caregivers. | 88 |
| Total | 174 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Standard Care | Caregiver Education and Support | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 58.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.7 | 59.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.1 | 59.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 |
| Education College graduate | 30 Participants | 23 Participants | 53 Participants |
| Education ≤ High school | 20 Participants | 27 Participants | 47 Participants |
| Education Some college/vocational school | 38 Participants | 36 Participants | 74 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 13 Participants | 8 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 75 Participants | 78 Participants | 153 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 18 Participants | 27 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 8 Participants | 7 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 59 Participants | 52 Participants | 111 Participants |
| Relationship to stroke survivor Child | 16 Participants | 9 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Relationship to stroke survivor Other | 11 Participants | 18 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Relationship to stroke survivor Spouse/partner | 61 Participants | 59 Participants | 120 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 80 Participants | 74 Participants | 154 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 20 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 86 | 0 / 88 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 86 | 1 / 88 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 86 | 0 / 88 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty
Changes in caregiver burden - task difficulty will be measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS). The OCBS contains 15 items that rate different types of caregiving tasks for stroke survivors based on perceived time and difficulty of the task. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (total range from 15 to 75) with higher scores indicating greater time required or higher task difficulty.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty | -2.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty | -0.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.2 |
p-value: 0.418Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty
Changes in caregiver burden - task difficulty will be measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS). The OCBS contains 15 items that rate different types of caregiving tasks for stroke survivors based on perceived time and difficulty of the task. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (total range from 15 to 75) with higher scores indicating greater time required or higher task difficulty.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty | -2.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.7 |
| Standard Care | Change in Caregiver Burden - Task Difficulty | -0.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.3 |
p-value: 0.18Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required
Changes in caregiver burden - time required will be measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS). It contains 15 items that rate different types of caregiving tasks for stroke survivors based on perceived time and difficulty of the task. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (total range from 15 to 75) with higher scores indicating greater time required or higher task difficulty.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required | -16.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required | -14.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.9 |
Primary
Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required
Changes in caregiver burden - time required will be measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS). It contains 15 items that rate different types of caregiving tasks for stroke survivors based on perceived time and difficulty of the task. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (total range from 15 to 75) with higher scores indicating greater time required or higher task difficulty.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required | -17.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.7 |
| Standard Care | Change in Caregiver Burden - Time Required | -14.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.7 |
p-value: 0.688Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit
Changes in burden will be measured by the Short Version of the Zarit Burden Interview (S-ZBI). This 12-item instrument was reduced from the original 29-item instrument. This instrument is scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (nearly always). Possible scores range from 0-48 with higher scores indicating higher burden. The instrument was originally developed to measure dementia caregiver burden, but, the S-ZBI has been used in stroke caregiver studies and items are appropriate for other caregiver populations.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit | -0.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
| Standard Care | Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit | 1.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
p-value: 0.055Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit
Changes in burden will be measured by the Short Version of the Zarit Burden Interview (S-ZBI). This 12-item instrument was reduced from the original 29-item instrument. This instrument is scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (nearly always). Possible scores range from 0-48 with higher scores indicating higher burden. The instrument was originally developed to measure dementia caregiver burden, but, the S-ZBI has been used in stroke caregiver studies and items are appropriate for other caregiver populations.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit | -0.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.7 |
| Standard Care | Change in Caregiver Burden - Zarit | 0.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.6 |
p-value: 0.346Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Change in Depressive Symptoms at 11 Weeks
Changes in depressive symptoms will be measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert scale ranging from never (0) to most of the time (3). Possible scores range from 0-60 with higher scores indicating more symptoms. It has been used in numerous studies with caregivers and has good reliability and validity.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Depressive Symptoms at 11 Weeks | -1.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Depressive Symptoms at 11 Weeks | -1.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9 |
p-value: 0.693Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Change in Depressive Symptoms at 19 Weeks
Changes in depressive symptoms will be measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert scale ranging from never (0) to most of the time (3). Possible scores range from 0-60 with higher scores indicating more symptoms. It has been used in numerous studies with caregivers and has good reliability and validity.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Depressive Symptoms at 19 Weeks | -1.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Depressive Symptoms at 19 Weeks | 0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11 |
p-value: 0.693Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in General Patient Satisfaction
Changes in patient satisfaction will be measured by the General Satisfaction Subscale of the Long-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. This 6-item measure is scored from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). Total range from 6 to 30. Higher scores reflect better satisfaction with healthcare.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in General Patient Satisfaction | -1.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in General Patient Satisfaction | 0.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
p-value: 0.09Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in General Patient Satisfaction
Changes in patient satisfaction will be measured by the General Satisfaction Subscale of the Long-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. This 6-item measure is scored from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). Total range from 6 to 30. Higher scores reflect better satisfaction with healthcare.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in General Patient Satisfaction | -0.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
| Standard Care | Change in General Patient Satisfaction | 0.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5 |
p-value: 0.514Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health
Changes in health-related quality of life will be measured by the Rand 12-item Health Survey (VR-12). The VR12 items are scored on a 3-point or 5-point Likert scale. It consists of physical and emotional scales. Scores for each scale are calculated by using an algorithm and scores are standardized using a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. There is no composite or overall score for the VR-12.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health | 1.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.9 |
| Standard Care | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health | 0.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.1 |
p-value: 0.0442Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health
Changes in health-related quality of life will be measured by the Rand 12-item Health Survey (VR-12). The VR12 items are scored on a 3-point or 5-point Likert scale. It consists of physical and emotional scales. Scores for each scale are calculated by using an algorithm and scores are standardized using a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. There is no composite or overall score for the VR-12.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health | 2.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.5 |
| Standard Care | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Mental Health | 0.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.9 |
p-value: 0.293Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical
Changes in health-related quality of life will be measured by the Rand 12-item Health Survey (VR-12). The VR12 items are scored on a 3-point or 5-point Likert scale. It consists of physical and emotional scales. Scores for each scale are calculated by using an algorithm and scores are standardized using a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. There is no composite or overall score for the VR-12.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical | -1.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical | -0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
p-value: 0.846Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical
Changes in health-related quality of life will be measured by the Rand 12-item Health Survey (VR-12). The VR12 items are scored on a 3-point or 5-point Likert scale. It consists of physical and emotional scales. Scores for each scale are calculated by using an algorithm and scores are standardized using a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life. There is no composite or overall score for the VR-12.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical | 2.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.9 |
| Standard Care | Change in Health-Related Quality of Life - Physical | -1.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
p-value: 0.034Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Perceived Stress
Changes in perceived stress will be measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). The 4-item measure asses stress experienced in the last month on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Scores range from 0-16, with higher scores indicating more stress.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Perceived Stress | -0.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Perceived Stress | -0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |
p-value: 0.332Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Perceived Stress
Changes in perceived stress will be measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). The 4-item measure asses stress experienced in the last month on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Scores range from 0-16, with higher scores indicating more stress.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Perceived Stress | -0.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Standard Care | Change in Perceived Stress | -0.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
p-value: 0.318Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving
Changes in positive perceptions of caregiving will be measured by the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale. The scale contains 11 items scored from 1 (disagree a lot) to 5 (agree a lot). Total range from 11 to 55. Higher scores indicate more positive perceptions of caregiving.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving | 1.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving | 0.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.2 |
p-value: 0.305Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving
Changes in positive perceptions of caregiving will be measured by the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale. The scale contains 11 items scored from 1 (disagree a lot) to 5 (agree a lot). Total range from 11 to 55. Higher scores indicate more positive perceptions of caregiving.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.2 |
| Standard Care | Change in Positive Perceptions of Caregiving | 0.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.7 |
p-value: 0.077Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts
Measured by Revised Scale for Caregiver Self Efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts subscale (Steffen et al 2002). The subscale contains 5 items which ask caregivers to rate their level of confidence (from 0% to 100%) in their ability to control negative thoughts related to caregiving. The subscale score is obtained by calculating the mean of the items, with a total score range of 0-100. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy. The subscale shows strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts | 4.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 26 |
| Standard Care | Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts | -1.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.4 |
p-value: 0.149Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts
Measured by Revised Scale for Caregiver Self Efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts subscale (Steffen et al 2002). The subscale contains 5 items which ask caregivers to rate their level of confidence (from 0% to 100%) in their ability to control negative thoughts related to caregiving. The subscale score is obtained by calculating the mean of the items, with a total score range of 0-100. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy. The subscale shows strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts | 4.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.4 |
| Standard Care | Change in Self-efficacy - Controlling Upsetting Thoughts | -3.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.3 |
p-value: 0.046Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite
Measured by Revised Scale for Caregiver Self Efficacy - Obtaining Respite subscale (Steffen et al 2002). The subscale measures caregivers' confidence to ask for assistance. The subscale contains 5 items which ask caregivers to rate their level of confidence (from 0% to 100%) that they could perform the activity. The subscale score is obtained by calculating the mean of the items, with a total score range of 0-100. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy. The subscale shows strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite | 4.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.7 |
| Standard Care | Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite | -2.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 31.96 |
p-value: 0.158Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite
Measured by Revised Scale for Caregiver Self Efficacy - Obtaining Respite subscale (Steffen et al 2002). The subscale contains 5 items which ask caregivers to rate their level of confidence (from 0% to 100%) to ask for assistance. The subscale score is obtained by calculating the mean of the items, with a total score range of 0-100. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy. The subscale shows strong internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite | 2.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.7 |
| Standard Care | Change in Self-efficacy - Obtaining Respite | -1.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 27.8 |
p-value: 0.443Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Stroke Knowledge
Change in stroke knowledge will be measured by the Stroke Knowledge Instrument developed by the National Institutes of Health. This 7-item tool consists of true/false and multiple choice responses. Scores range from 0-7, with higher scores indicating more stroke knowledge.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Stroke Knowledge | 1.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.2 |
| Standard Care | Change in Stroke Knowledge | 0.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.8 |
Secondary
Change in Stroke Knowledge
Change in stroke knowledge will be measured by the Stroke Knowledge Instrument developed by the National Institutes of Health. This 7-item tool consists of true/false and multiple choice responses. Scores range from 0-7, with higher scores indicating more stroke knowledge.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Stroke Knowledge | 0.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15 |
| Standard Care | Change in Stroke Knowledge | 0.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15 |
Secondary
Change in Veteran Functional Status
Change in Veteran functional abilities will be measured by the Barthel Index, which measures patients' abilities to perform 10 self-care tasks. Response options vary for each item and are scored on 5-point increments (e.g., 0=unable, 5=needs help, 10-independent). Total scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating greater functional abilities.
Time frame: 19 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Veteran Functional Status | 5.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.6 |
| Standard Care | Change in Veteran Functional Status | 1.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.2 |
p-value: 0.225Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change in Veteran Functional Status
Change in Veteran functional abilities will be measured by the Barthel Index, which measures patients' abilities to perform 10 self-care tasks. Response options vary for each item and are scored on 5-point increments (e.g., 0=unable, 5=needs help, 10-independent). Total scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating greater functional abilities.
Time frame: 11 weeks after baseline
Population: All data collected from the 174 participants irrespective of their completion of the study were used in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver Education and Support | Change in Veteran Functional Status | 8.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.6 |
| Standard Care | Change in Veteran Functional Status | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.3 |
p-value: 0.009Mixed Models Analysis