Multiple Myeloma
Conditions
Keywords
multiple myeloma, relapsed multiple myeloma
Brief summary
The primary objective of this study was to compare progression-free survival in patients with multiple myeloma who relapsed after 1 to 3 prior therapies treated with carfilzomib plus dexamethasone or bortezomib plus dexamethasone.
Interventions
DRUGCarfilzomib
Carfilzomib is administered over 30 minutes as an infusion.
DRUGBortezomib
Bortezomib is administered as a 3-5 second bolus IV injection or SC injection (in accordance with regulatory approval)
DRUGDexamethasone
Tablet for oral administration; On days when carfilzomib or bortezomib was administered, the dexamethasone was to be given 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to the carfilzomib or bortezomib dose.
Sponsors
Amgen
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Multiple myeloma with relapsing or progressing disease at study entry. 2. Patients must have evaluable multiple myeloma with, at least one of the following (assessed within 21 days prior to randomization): * Serum M-protein ≥ 0.5 g/dL, or * Urine M-protein ≥ 200 mg/24 hour, or * In patients without detectable serum or urine M-protein, serum free light chain (SFLC) \> 100 mg/L (involved light chain) and an abnormal serum kappa/lamda ratio, or * For immunoglobulin (Ig) A patients whose disease can only be reliably measured by serum quantitative immunoglobulin (qIgA) ≥ 750 mg/dL (0.75 g/dL). 3. Patients must have documented at least partial response (PR) to at least 1 line of prior therapy. PR documentation can be based on Investigator assessment. 4. Received 1, but no more than 3 prior treatment regimens or lines of therapy for multiple myeloma. (Induction therapy followed by stem cell transplant and consolidation/maintenance therapy will be considered as one line of therapy). 5. Prior therapy with Velcade is allowed as long as the patient had at least a PR to prior Velcade therapy, was not removed from Velcade therapy due to toxicity, and will have at least a 6 month Velcade treatment-free interval from last dose received until first study treatment. (Patients may receive maintenance therapy with drugs that are not in the proteasome inhibitor class during this 6 month Velcade treatment-free interval). 6. Prior therapy with carfilzomib is allowed as long as the patient had at least a PR to prior carfilzomib therapy, was not removed from carfilzomib therapy due to toxicity, and had at least a 6-month carfilzomib treatment-free interval from last dose received until first study treatment. (Patients may receive maintenance therapy with drugs that are not in the proteasome inhibitor class during this 6 month carfilzomib treatment-free interval). The exception to this is patients randomized or previously randomized in any other Onyx-Sponsored Phase 3 trial. 7. Males and females ≥ 18 years of age. 8. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0 to 2. 9. Adequate hepatic function within 21 days prior to randomization, with bilirubin \< 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \< 3 times the ULN. 10. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 40%. 11. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1000/mm³ within 21 days prior to randomization. Screening ANC should be independent of growth factor support for ≥ 1 week. 12. Hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dL within 21 days prior to randomization. Use of erythropoietic stimulating factors and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions per institutional guidelines is allowed, however most recent RBC transfusion may not have been done within 7 days prior to obtaining screening hemoglobin. 13. Platelet count ≥ 50,000/mm³ (≥ 30,000/mm³ if myeloma involvement in the bone marrow is \> 50%) within 21 days prior to randomization. Patients should not have received platelet transfusions for at least 1 week prior to obtaining the screening platelet count. 14. Calculated or measured creatinine clearance (CrCl) of ≥ 15 mL/min within 21 days prior to randomization. Calculation should be based on standard formula such as the Cockcroft and Gault: \[(140 - Age) x Mass (kg) / (72 x Creatinine mg/dL)\]; multiply result by 0.85 if female. 15. Written informed consent in accordance with federal, local, and institutional guidelines. 16. Female patients of child-bearing potential (FCBP) must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 21 days prior to randomization and agree to use an effective method of contraception during and for 3 months following last dose of drug (more frequent pregnancy tests may be conducted if required per local regulations). FCBP is defined as a sexually mature woman who: 1) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy or 2) has not been naturally postmenopausal (amenorrhea following cancer therapy does not rule out childbearing potential) for at least 12 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months). 17. Male patients must use an effective barrier method of contraception during study and for 3 months following the last dose if sexually active with a FCBP.
Exclusion criteria
1. Multiple Myeloma of IgM subtype. 2. Glucocorticoid therapy (prednisone \> 30 mg/day or equivalent) within 14 days prior to randomization. 3. POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, and skin changes). 4. Plasma cell leukemia or circulating plasma cells ≥ 2 × 10\^9/L. 5. Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. 6. Patients with known amyloidosis. 7. Chemotherapy with approved or investigational anticancer therapeutics within 21 days prior to randomization. 8. Patients randomized or previously randomized in any other Onyx-Sponsored Phase 3 trial. 9. Focal radiation therapy within 7 days prior to randomization. Radiation therapy to an extended field involving a significant volume of bone marrow within 21 days prior to randomization (i.e., prior radiation must have been to less than 30% of the bone marrow). 10. Immunotherapy within 21 days prior to randomization. 11. Major surgery (excluding kyphoplasty) within 28 days prior to randomization. 12. Active congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association \[NYHA\] Class III to IV), symptomatic ischemia, or conduction abnormalities uncontrolled by conventional intervention. Myocardial infarction within four months prior to randomization. 13. Acute active infection requiring systemic antibiotics, antiviral (except antiviral therapy directed at hepatitis B) or antifungal agents within 14 days prior to randomization. 14. Known human immunodeficiency (HIV) seropositive, hepatitis C infection, and/or hepatitis B (except for patients with hepatitis B surface antigen \[SAg\] or core antibody receiving and responding to antiviral therapy directed at hepatitis B: these patients are allowed). 15. Patients with known cirrhosis. 16. Second malignancy within the past 3 years except: * adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer * carcinoma in situ of the cervix * prostate cancer \< Gleason score 6 with stable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over 12 months * breast carcinoma in situ with full surgical resection * treated medullary or papillary thyroid cancer 17. Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. 18. Significant neuropathy (Grades 3 to 4, or Grade 2 with pain) within 14 days prior to randomization. 19. Female patients who are pregnant or lactating. 20. Known history of allergy to Captisol(a cyclodextrin derivative used to solubilize carfilzomib). 21. Patients with hypersensitivity to carfilzomib, Velcade, boron, or mannitol. 22. Patients with contraindication to dexamethasone. 23. Contraindication to any of the required concomitant drugs or supportive treatments, including hypersensitivity to antiviral drugs, or intolerance to hydration due to preexisting pulmonary or cardiac impairment. 24. Ongoing graft-vs-host disease. 25. Patients with pleural effusions requiring thoracentesis or ascites requiring paracentesis within 14 days prior to randomization.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Progression-free Survival | From randomization until the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median follow-up time for PFS was 11.1.and 11.9 months in the bortezomib and carfilzomib arms respectively | Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from randomization to the earlier of disease progression or death due to any cause. Participants were evaluated for disease response and progression according to the International Myeloma Working Group-Uniform Response Criteria (IMWG-URC) as assessed by an Independent Review Committee (IRC). Median PFS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Participants with no baseline disease assessments, starting a new anticancer therapy before documentation of disease progression or death, death or disease progression immediately after more than 1 consecutively missed disease assessment visit, or alive without documentation of disease progression before the data cut-off date were censored. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Response | Disease response was assessed every 28 days until end of treatment or the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group. | Disease response was evaluated according to the IMWG-URC by the IRC. Overall response was defined as the percentage of participants with a best overall response of partial response (PR), very good PR (VGPR), complete response (CR) or stringent CR (sCR). sCR: As for CR, normal serum free light chain (SFLC) ratio and no clonal cells in bone marrow (BM). CR: No immunofixation on serum and urine, disappearance of any soft tissue plasmacytomas and \< 5% plasma cells in BM biopsy; VGPR: Serum and urine M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not electrophoresis or ≥ 90% reduction in serum M-protein with urine M-protein \<100 mg/24 hours. A ≥ 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas if present at baseline. PR: ≥ 50% reduction of serum M-protein and reduction in urine M-protein by ≥ 90% or to \< 200 mg/24 hours. A ≥ 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas if present at baseline. |
| Duration of Response | From randomization until the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median follow-up time for DOR was 9.4 and 10.4 months for each treatment group respectively. | Duration of response (DOR) was calculated for participants who achieved an sCR, CR, VGPR, or PR. Duration of response is defined as the time from first evidence of PR or better to confirmation of disease progression or death due to any cause. Median duration of response was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Participants with no baseline disease assessments, starting a new anticancer therapy before documentation of disease progression or death, death or disease progression immediately after more than 1 consecutively missed disease assessment visit, or alive without documentation of disease progression before the data cut-off date were censored. |
| Percentage of Participants With ≥ Grade 2 Peripheral Neuropathy | From the first dose of study drug up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug as of the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group. | Neuropathy events were defined as Grade 2 or higher peripheral neuropathy as specified by peripheral neuropathy Standardised Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Query, narrow (scope) (SMQN) terms. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed by neurologic exam and graded according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03: Grade 1: Asymptomatic; Grade 2: Moderate symptoms, limiting instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) Grade 3: Severe symptoms; limiting self-care ADL; Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; Grade 5: Death. |
| Overall Survival | From randomization until the data cut-off date of 03 January 2017; median follow-up time for OS was 36.9 and 37.5 months for each treatment group respectively. | Overall survival (OS) is defined as the time from randomization to the date of death (whatever the cause). Participants who were alive or lost to follow-up as of the data analysis cut-off date were censored at the patient's date of last contact (last known to be alive). Median overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. |
| Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Baseline and Weeks 12, 24 and 36 and at end of treatment (median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group). | Right ventricular function was assessed by measuring fractional area change (FAC) on echocardiogram. |
| Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Baseline and Weeks 12, 24 and 36 and at end of treatment (median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group). | Pulmonary artery pressure was measured using transthoracic echocardiogram. |
| Percentage of Participants With a Significant Reduction in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) | Baseline and 24 weeks | A significant reduction in LVEF was defined as a ≥ 10% decrease (absolute change) from baseline in participants whose baseline LVEF is ≤ 55%. For participants with LVEF \> 55% at baseline, a significant change was defined as a decrease in LVEF to \< 45%. |
Countries
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Adults with relapsed multiple myeloma were enrolled between 20 June 2012 and 30 June 2014 at 198 centers in 27 countries in Europe, North America, South America, and the Asia-Pacific region. Results are reported as of the data cut-off date of 03 January 2017, the pre-specified 2nd interim analysis of the secondary endpoint of overall survival.
Pre-assignment details
Randomization was stratified by previous proteasome inhibitor therapy (yes vs no), previous lines of treatment (1 vs 2 or 3), International Staging System stage (I vs II-III), and planned route of bortezomib administration (intravenous vs subcutaneous) if randomly assigned to the bortezomib group.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX Participants received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m² administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle plus dexamethasone (DEX) 20 mg administered on Days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 of each 21-day cycle. | 465 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX Participants received 20 mg/m² carfilzomib administered by IV infusion on Days 1 and 2 of Cycle 1, followed by 56 mg/m² on Days 8, 9, 15, and 16 of Cycle 1 and for each 28-day cycle thereafter. Additionally, participants received 20 mg dexamethasone on Days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, and 23 of each 28 day cycle. | 464 |
| Total | 929 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 94 | 96 |
| Overall Study | Death | 10 | 18 |
| Overall Study | Disease Progression | 208 | 183 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Patient Request | 55 | 71 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 40 | 32 |
| Overall Study | Protocol Non-compliance | 2 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Randomized but Not Dosed | 9 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 19 | 11 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Carfilzomib + DEX | Bortezomib + DEX | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 65.0 years | 65.0 years | 65.0 years |
| Age, Customized 65 -74 years | 164 Participants | 189 Participants | 353 Participants |
| Age, Customized < 65 years | 223 Participants | 210 Participants | 433 Participants |
| Age, Customized ≥ 75 years | 77 Participants | 66 Participants | 143 Participants |
| Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 0 (Fully active) | 221 Participants | 232 Participants | 453 Participants |
| Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 1 (Restrictive but ambulatory) | 211 Participants | 203 Participants | 414 Participants |
| Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 2 (Ambulatory but unable to work) | 32 Participants | 30 Participants | 62 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 56 Participants | 57 Participants | 113 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black | 8 Participants | 9 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Multiple | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Not Reported | 50 Participants | 45 Participants | 95 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 348 Participants | 353 Participants | 701 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 224 Participants | 236 Participants | 460 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 240 Participants | 229 Participants | 469 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: International Staging System (ISS) Stage Stage I | 205 Participants | 204 Participants | 409 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: International Staging System (ISS) Stage Stage II or III | 259 Participants | 261 Participants | 520 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: Lines of Prior Treatment 1 line | 231 Participants | 229 Participants | 460 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: Lines of Prior Treatment 2 or 3 lines | 233 Participants | 236 Participants | 469 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: Prior Proteasome Inhibitor Treatment Carfilzomib or bortezomib | 252 Participants | 253 Participants | 505 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: Prior Proteasome Inhibitor Treatment No prior carfilzomib or bortezomib | 212 Participants | 212 Participants | 424 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: Route of Bortezomib Administration Intravenous | 108 Participants | 108 Participants | 216 Participants |
| Stratification Factor: Route of Bortezomib Administration Subcutaneous | 356 Participants | 357 Participants | 713 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 435 / 456 | 446 / 463 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 182 / 456 | 272 / 463 |
Outcome results
Primary
Progression-free Survival
Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from randomization to the earlier of disease progression or death due to any cause. Participants were evaluated for disease response and progression according to the International Myeloma Working Group-Uniform Response Criteria (IMWG-URC) as assessed by an Independent Review Committee (IRC). Median PFS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Participants with no baseline disease assessments, starting a new anticancer therapy before documentation of disease progression or death, death or disease progression immediately after more than 1 consecutively missed disease assessment visit, or alive without documentation of disease progression before the data cut-off date were censored.
Time frame: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median follow-up time for PFS was 11.1.and 11.9 months in the bortezomib and carfilzomib arms respectively
Population: Intent-to-treat population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Progression-free Survival | 9.4 months |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Progression-free Survival | 18.7 months |
Comparison: The PFS interim analysis was to be performed using a group sequential monitoring plan.~The monitoring plan included an O'Brien-Fleming type of efficacy stopping boundary constructed using the Lan-DeMets alpha spending function to ensure a 1-sided Type I error rate ≤ 0.025.p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.437, 0.651]Stratified Log Rank
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP)
Pulmonary artery pressure was measured using transthoracic echocardiogram.
Time frame: Baseline and Weeks 12, 24 and 36 and at end of treatment (median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group).
Population: Cardiopulmonary Safety Evaluable subgroup with available PASP data at baseline; n indicates participants whose results were available at both the baseline and the specified post-baseline visit.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Week 12 (n=34, 30) | 0.3 mmHg | Standard Deviation 11.72 |
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Week 24 (n=22, 20) | 1.7 mmHg | Standard Deviation 8.47 |
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Week 36 (n=12, 14) | 4.0 mmHg | Standard Deviation 7.24 |
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | End of Treatment (n=21, 14) | 3.4 mmHg | Standard Deviation 8.14 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | End of Treatment (n=21, 14) | 0.9 mmHg | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Week 12 (n=34, 30) | 2.8 mmHg | Standard Deviation 11.44 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Week 36 (n=12, 14) | 2.6 mmHg | Standard Deviation 13.55 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) | Week 24 (n=22, 20) | 3.4 mmHg | Standard Deviation 13.63 |
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC)
Right ventricular function was assessed by measuring fractional area change (FAC) on echocardiogram.
Time frame: Baseline and Weeks 12, 24 and 36 and at end of treatment (median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group).
Population: Cardiopulmonary Safety Evaluable subgroup with available FAC data at baseline; n indicates participants whose results were available at both the baseline and the specified post-baseline visit.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Week 24 (n=26, 31) | 0.7 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 6.1 |
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | End of Treatment (n=23, 18) | 0.4 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 4.73 |
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Week 36 (n=15, 18) | -0.5 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 7.27 |
| Bortezomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Week 12 (n=40, 40) | -0.7 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 5 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Week 36 (n=15, 18) | -0.5 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 6.38 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Week 24 (n=26, 31) | -1.0 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 5.03 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Week 12 (n=40, 40) | -1.1 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 5.36 |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Change From Baseline in Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (FAC) | End of Treatment (n=23, 18) | -1.9 percent fractional area change | Standard Deviation 5.47 |
Secondary
Duration of Response
Duration of response (DOR) was calculated for participants who achieved an sCR, CR, VGPR, or PR. Duration of response is defined as the time from first evidence of PR or better to confirmation of disease progression or death due to any cause. Median duration of response was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Participants with no baseline disease assessments, starting a new anticancer therapy before documentation of disease progression or death, death or disease progression immediately after more than 1 consecutively missed disease assessment visit, or alive without documentation of disease progression before the data cut-off date were censored.
Time frame: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median follow-up time for DOR was 9.4 and 10.4 months for each treatment group respectively.
Population: Intent-to-treat population with an overall response
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Duration of Response | 10.4 months |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Duration of Response | 21.3 months |
Secondary
Overall Response
Disease response was evaluated according to the IMWG-URC by the IRC. Overall response was defined as the percentage of participants with a best overall response of partial response (PR), very good PR (VGPR), complete response (CR) or stringent CR (sCR). sCR: As for CR, normal serum free light chain (SFLC) ratio and no clonal cells in bone marrow (BM). CR: No immunofixation on serum and urine, disappearance of any soft tissue plasmacytomas and \< 5% plasma cells in BM biopsy; VGPR: Serum and urine M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not electrophoresis or ≥ 90% reduction in serum M-protein with urine M-protein \<100 mg/24 hours. A ≥ 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas if present at baseline. PR: ≥ 50% reduction of serum M-protein and reduction in urine M-protein by ≥ 90% or to \< 200 mg/24 hours. A ≥ 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas if present at baseline.
Time frame: Disease response was assessed every 28 days until end of treatment or the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group.
Population: Intent-to-treat population
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Overall Response | 62.6 percentage of participants |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Overall Response | 76.9 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [1.519, 2.718]Stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
Secondary
Overall Survival
Overall survival (OS) is defined as the time from randomization to the date of death (whatever the cause). Participants who were alive or lost to follow-up as of the data analysis cut-off date were censored at the patient's date of last contact (last known to be alive). Median overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Time frame: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 03 January 2017; median follow-up time for OS was 36.9 and 37.5 months for each treatment group respectively.
Population: Intent-to-treat population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Overall Survival | 40.0 months |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Overall Survival | 47.6 months |
Comparison: The second interim analysis of overall survival was to be conducted after 394 events had been reached. A one-sided significance level was determined using the O'Brien-Fleming-type α spending function based on the actual number of events (α=0.0123).p-value: 0.0195% CI: [0.648, 0.964]Stratified Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With a Significant Reduction in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
A significant reduction in LVEF was defined as a ≥ 10% decrease (absolute change) from baseline in participants whose baseline LVEF is ≤ 55%. For participants with LVEF \> 55% at baseline, a significant change was defined as a decrease in LVEF to \< 45%.
Time frame: Baseline and 24 weeks
Population: Cardiopulmonary Safety Evaluable subgroup (all randomized participants who enrolled in the cardiopulmonary substudy with evaluable baseline echocardiogram scans per the central laboratory) and with both baseline and at least one post-baseline LVEF measurement within 24 weeks.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Percentage of Participants With a Significant Reduction in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) | 2.6 percentage of participants |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Percentage of Participants With a Significant Reduction in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) | 0.0 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With ≥ Grade 2 Peripheral Neuropathy
Neuropathy events were defined as Grade 2 or higher peripheral neuropathy as specified by peripheral neuropathy Standardised Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Query, narrow (scope) (SMQN) terms. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed by neurologic exam and graded according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03: Grade 1: Asymptomatic; Grade 2: Moderate symptoms, limiting instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) Grade 3: Severe symptoms; limiting self-care ADL; Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; Grade 5: Death.
Time frame: From the first dose of study drug up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug as of the data cut-off date of 10 November 2014; median duration of treatment was 27 weeks in the bortezomib group and 40 weeks in the carfilzomib treatment group.
Population: Safety population (all participants who received at least 1 dose of study treatment)
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Bortezomib + DEX | Percentage of Participants With ≥ Grade 2 Peripheral Neuropathy | 32.0 percentage of participants |
| Carfilzomib + DEX | Percentage of Participants With ≥ Grade 2 Peripheral Neuropathy | 6.0 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.089, 0.21]Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel