Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Elevated Triglycerides
Conditions
Keywords
Elevated triglycerides, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Lipid Metabolic Disorders, Body Weight
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine whether hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in response to the ingestion of a mixture of glucose and fructose is greater in South Asians compared to controls (Caucasians).
Detailed description
South Asians, who originate from the Indian subcontinent and make up one-fifth of the world's population, are among the highest number who suffer from heart disease and diabetes. The results of many research studies suggest that genes play a role in developing heart disease and diabetes that is made worse by the diet in the United States. Fructose is a sugar widely used in the American diet, and when consumed, it is taken up by the liver and changed into fats through a process called de novo lipogenesis (DNL). The current study will compare this change into fats in the liver between South Asians and Caucasians. The participants will be screened on the initial visit, and on the second visit, the DNL response will be measured in the blood over four hours after drinking one sweetened beverage, containing half glucose, half fructose, similar to a soft drink. We expect that DNL in response to fructose intake is higher in South Asians when compared to Caucasians and may partially explain why South Asians have earlier heart disease and diabetes.
Interventions
Consumption of a sweet beverage (Fructose:Glucose 1:1, 3g/kg) over 1/2 hour. Blood sampling will occur before and after consumption of beverage.
Sponsors
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
The Rogosin Institute
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SCREENING
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Males and females, 18-35 years of age. * South Asian or Caucasian descent through self-identification (South Asians are to have both biological parents with ancestry from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh and no known non-South Asian ancestry in parents; Caucasians are to have both biological parents who self-identify as Caucasian and no known non-Caucasian ancestry in parents). * Body mass index (BMI) 18.0-24.9 kg/m2 with no history of obesity. * Fasting glucose \<100 mg/dL, 2h glucose oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) \< 140 mg/dL. * triglycerides (TG) \<200 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) \>30 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) \<160 mg/dL. * Willing and able to stop fish oil, fiber supplement, other non-prescribed vitamins/supplements for 1 week prior to visit #2 until completion of study. * Willing to not drink alcohol for 24-hours before visit #2. * Willing and able to provide informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* History of diabetes or other endocrine disorder, hepatitis or other liver disorder, HIV, or autoimmune disease. * Medication(s) known to affect lipids, including hormonal contraceptives. * Recent acute illness * Gastrointestinal disease resulting in significant gastrointestinal dysfunction or malabsorption. * Cigarette smoking * History of ethanol abuse (current intake \>2 drinks/day) or illicit drugs. * History of severe psychiatric illness * If female, pregnant or breastfeeding * Participation in an investigational drug study within one month of screening. * Unusual diet or extreme level of physical activity * Have any other condition, which in the opinion of the investigator, should prohibit the participation in the study
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fold Change in Plasma Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Triglyceride Palmitate | 4 hours | Fold change in plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride palmitate between South Asians and Caucasians from baseline to 4 hours after an oral challenge of fructose:glucose, 1:1. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Peak Glucose Levels in 2 Study Groups | 1 hour | A comparison of peak levels of glucose at one hour. Glucose is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose. |
| Peak Insulin Levels in 2 Study Groups | 1 hour | A comparison of the mean peak insulin level at one hour in each group. Insulin is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose. |
| Peak Gastric Inhibitory Protein (GIP) Levels in the 2 Study Groups | 2 hours | A comparison of the mean peak gastric inhibitory protein (GIP) at 2 hours in each group. GIP is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose. |
| Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | 4 hours | Correlations between fold change in VLDL TG palmitate at 4 hours with other biomarkers of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in each study group. |
| Fold Changes in VLDL Triglycerides in South Asians and Caucasians | 4 hours | 1\) A comparison of the fold changes in very low density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL TG)in the 2 study groups between 0 and 4 hours. |
| Peak Lactate Levels in 2 Study Groups | 1 hour | A comparison of peak levels of lactate (at one hour). Lactate is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose. |
| Nadir Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) Levels in 2 Study Groups | 2 hours | A comparison of the nadir level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA at 2 hours). NEFA are expected to decrease. |
| Peak Glucose in 2 Study Groups | 1 hour | A comparison of peak levels of glucose at 1 hour. Glucose is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose. |
| Fold Changes in Triglycerides in 2 Study Groups | 4 hours | 1\) A comparison of the fold changes in total triglycerides (TG) in the 2 study groups between 0 and 4 hours. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Between 4/2012 and 10/2013 fifteen South Asians and 15 Caucasians were studied as outpatients at the Weill Cornell Medical College Clinical and Translational Science Center (CTSC).
Pre-assignment details
At the CTSC clinic, consented volunteers had their medical history reviewed and a physical exam performed. A fasting blood sample was obtained to screen for lipid and biochemical abnormalities, thyroid and liver disease, anemia, pregnancy and diabetes/glucose intolerance.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Caucasian Control group: The arm is an oral sugar challenge with blood sampling over 4 hours.
Fructose + Glucose Beverage: Consumption of a sweet beverage (Fructose:Glucose 1:1, 3g/kg) over 1/2 hour. Blood sampling will occur before and after consumption of beverage. | 15 |
| South Asians Experimental group: The arm is an oral sugar challenge with blood sampling over 4 hours.
Fructose + Glucose Beverage: Consumption of a sweet beverage (Fructose:Glucose 1:1, 3g/kg) over 1/2 hour. Blood sampling will occur before and after consumption of beverage. | 15 |
| Total | 30 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | screen failure | 1 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 3 | 3 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | South Asians | Caucasian | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 15 Participants | 15 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5 | 28 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 27 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 15 participants | 15 participants | 30 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 14 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 15 | 0 / 15 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 15 | 1 / 15 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 15 | 0 / 15 |
Outcome results
Primary
Fold Change in Plasma Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Triglyceride Palmitate
Fold change in plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride palmitate between South Asians and Caucasians from baseline to 4 hours after an oral challenge of fructose:glucose, 1:1.
Time frame: 4 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Fold Change in Plasma Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Triglyceride Palmitate | 1.24 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| South Asians | Fold Change in Plasma Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Triglyceride Palmitate | 1.85 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
Comparison: The equivalence test was used to compare the fold change in plasma VLDL triglyceride palmitate in Caucasians and South Asians.p-value: 0.05Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism
Correlations between fold change in VLDL TG palmitate at 4 hours with other biomarkers of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in each study group.
Time frame: 4 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:insulin 0h | -0.2778 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmita 4h:apolipoprotein B 0h | 0.0587 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:insulin AUC | 0.1886 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h:total TG 0h | 0.2320 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:NEFA 0h | 0.0241 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palm 4h:LDL particle number 0h | -0.0045 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:NEFA nadir 2h | 0.1319 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h:cholesterol 0h | -0.0327 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:lactate 0h | 0.1082 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:LDL size 0h | 0.1508 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:lactate peak 1h | 0.1393 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmita 4h:fold change VLDL TG | 0.3339 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:GIP 0h | -0.3237 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h:glucose 0h | -0.2444 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:GIP peak 2h | 0.2889 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitat 4h:HDL cholesterol 0h | 0.0883 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:HOMA-R 0h | -0.2892 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:glucose AUC | 0.2677 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:HOMA-B% 0h | -0.2347 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitat: fold change total TG | 0.3340 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:hsCRP 0h | 0.0278 r (correlation coefficient) |
| Caucasians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h: VLDL TG 0h | 0.1137 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:hsCRP 0h | 0.2463 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h: VLDL TG 0h | 0.0127 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmita 4h:fold change VLDL TG | 0.3149 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h:total TG 0h | 0.0359 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitat: fold change total TG | 0.3290 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h:cholesterol 0h | -0.3910 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitat 4h:HDL cholesterol 0h | -0.3743 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmita 4h:apolipoprotein B 0h | -0.1459 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palm 4h:LDL particle number 0h | -0.0849 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:LDL size 0h | 0.0359 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VLDL TG palmitate 4h:glucose 0h | 0.0188 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:glucose AUC | -0.1569 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:insulin 0h | -0.1151 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:insulin AUC | -0.0070 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:NEFA 0h | -0.5689 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:NEFA nadir 2h | -0.6151 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:lactate 0h | 0.4382 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:lactate peak 1h | -0.1953 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:GIP 0h | -0.2644 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:GIP peak 2h | -0.0453 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:HOMA-R 0h | -0.1104 r (correlation coefficient) |
| South Asians | Correlations Between Fold Change in VLDL TG Palmitate and Other Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism | fold change VDLD TG palmitate 4h:HOMA-B% 0h | 0.2959 r (correlation coefficient) |
Comparison: The equivalence test was used to analyze the relationship between the primary outcome, fold change in VLDL TG palmitate, and the listed levels of biomarkers of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The correlation analysis was performed on data from each study group separately.p-value: <0.05Pearson or Spearman's rank test
Secondary
Fold Changes in Triglycerides in 2 Study Groups
1\) A comparison of the fold changes in total triglycerides (TG) in the 2 study groups between 0 and 4 hours.
Time frame: 4 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Fold Changes in Triglycerides in 2 Study Groups | 1.05 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| South Asians | Fold Changes in Triglycerides in 2 Study Groups | 1.43 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Fold Changes in VLDL Triglycerides in South Asians and Caucasians
1\) A comparison of the fold changes in very low density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL TG)in the 2 study groups between 0 and 4 hours.
Time frame: 4 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Fold Changes in VLDL Triglycerides in South Asians and Caucasians | 1.05 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| South Asians | Fold Changes in VLDL Triglycerides in South Asians and Caucasians | 1.44 fold change | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
Comparison: The equivalence test was used to compare 1) the fold change in triglycerides in South Asians and Caucasians and 2) the fold change in VLDL triglycerides in South Asians and Caucasians.p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Nadir Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) Levels in 2 Study Groups
A comparison of the nadir level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA at 2 hours). NEFA are expected to decrease.
Time frame: 2 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Nadir Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) Levels in 2 Study Groups | 0.09 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| South Asians | Nadir Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) Levels in 2 Study Groups | 0.09 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Peak Gastric Inhibitory Protein (GIP) Levels in the 2 Study Groups
A comparison of the mean peak gastric inhibitory protein (GIP) at 2 hours in each group. GIP is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose.
Time frame: 2 hours
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Peak Gastric Inhibitory Protein (GIP) Levels in the 2 Study Groups | 277 ng/L | Standard Deviation 90 |
| South Asians | Peak Gastric Inhibitory Protein (GIP) Levels in the 2 Study Groups | 274 ng/L | Standard Deviation 99 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Peak Glucose in 2 Study Groups
A comparison of peak levels of glucose at 1 hour. Glucose is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose.
Time frame: 1 hour
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Peak Glucose in 2 Study Groups | 5.16 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.83 |
| South Asians | Peak Glucose in 2 Study Groups | 5.61 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.94 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Peak Glucose Levels in 2 Study Groups
A comparison of peak levels of glucose at one hour. Glucose is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose.
Time frame: 1 hour
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Peak Glucose Levels in 2 Study Groups | 5.16 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.83 |
| South Asians | Peak Glucose Levels in 2 Study Groups | 5.61 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.94 |
Comparison: The equivalence test is used to compare levels after the sugar beverage of 1) glucose at 1 hour 2) lactate at 1 hour 3) NEFA at 2 hours in South Asians vs Caucasians.p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Peak Insulin Levels in 2 Study Groups
A comparison of the mean peak insulin level at one hour in each group. Insulin is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose.
Time frame: 1 hour
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Peak Insulin Levels in 2 Study Groups | 93 IU/L | Standard Deviation 78 |
| South Asians | Peak Insulin Levels in 2 Study Groups | 111 IU/L | Standard Deviation 45 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Peak Lactate Levels in 2 Study Groups
A comparison of peak levels of lactate (at one hour). Lactate is expected to increase after ingestion of glucose/fructose.
Time frame: 1 hour
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasians | Peak Lactate Levels in 2 Study Groups | 3.43 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| South Asians | Peak Lactate Levels in 2 Study Groups | 3.91 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
p-value: <0.05t-test, 2 sided