Diet, Obesity, Weight Loss
Conditions
Keywords
Adipocytes
Brief summary
Almost half of the Dutch population is currently characterized by overweight and obesity. Losing weight is not the problem in obesity treatment, it is the seemingly obligatory weight regain after weight loss: the yoyo-effect. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the association between the weight-loss-induced cellular stress response and the rate of weight regain. The secondary objective is to investigate the differences in cellular stress response and weight regain after rapid and slow weight loss. To investigate this, subjects will receive meal replacements replacing either all or part of the daily meals during the intervention period. THe first group will consume 500 kcal/d diet for 5 weeks while the second group consumes a 1250 kcal/d diet for 3 months, both followed by 1 week normalization and a 2 week strict weight maintenance diet. During the 9-month follow-up period subjects will receive dietary advice according to the Dutch recommendations for healthy eating. The association between the amount of weight regain after the weight loss period and changes in adipokines, parameters of adipocyte metabolism, in vivo adipose tissue metabolism, adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profiles, adipocyte stress protein expression and gene polymorphisms in selected genes.
Interventions
OTHERMeal replacement diet using Modifast
modifast intensive diet replacing all regular meals (500 kcal/d) for 5 weeks
OTHERNormal diet combined with Modifast diet
Combination of modifast and regular diet (1250 kcal/d) for 3 months
Sponsors
ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
Maastricht University Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age (years): 20-65 * Body Mass Index (kg/m2): 28-35 * Non-smokers
Exclusion criteria
* Subjects using prescription medication, or suffering from diseases or conditions that might influence the outcome of the study: this concerns diseases/medication that influence body weight regulation (malabsorption, untreated hypo/hyperthyroidism, eating disorders, systemic use of steroids, etc.) and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors (heart disease, systolic and diastolic blood pressures \> 160/100 mmHg, blood glucose \> 6.1 mmol L-1, blood cholesterol \> 7 mmol L-1, blood triglycerides \> 3 mmol L-1) * marked alcohol consumption \> 21 alcoholic units week-1 (male), or \>14 alcoholic units week-1 (female) * planned major changes in physical activity during the study to an extent that might interfere with the study outcome as judged by the investigator; * blood donation within the past 2 months prior to the study * weight change of \>3 kg within 2 months prior to the study * psychiatric disease (based on medical history only) * pregnant or lactating women, or women planning to become pregnant within the next 12 months * surgically treated obesity * participation in other clinical studies within the last 3 months * drug abuse (based on clinical judgment) * unable to give informed consent * unable to engage in a low-calorie diet * unable to lose more then 8% of body weight after weight-loss period * following a special diet (vegetarian, Atkins or other).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| change in weight following weight loss | at 9 weeks and at 46 weeks | VLCD diet group |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| change in adipokine during weight stable-period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and after 9 weeks | In VLCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| change in adipokine profile during follow-up (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | In VLCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| change in adipokine profile due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| change in adipokine profile during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| change in adipokine profile during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| Changes in adipokine profile in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| change in adipokine profile in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | In VLCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | In VLCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | In VLCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | In LCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| Changes in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group. Parameters of adipocyte fat metabolism: * ALDOC, phospho-annexin2, FABP4, PLIN-B, HADH, phosphorylated HSL and non-phosphorylated HSL - immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-4 * Micro-array analysis of gene expression profile |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | In VLCD-group. In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | In VLCD-group. In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up period at 46 weeks | In VLCD-group. In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | In LCD-group. In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | In LCD-group. In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism during follow-up period (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up period at 53 weeks | In LCD-group. In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in in-vivo adipose tissue metabolism in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group In-vivo adipose tissue metabolism assessed in fasting and postprandial conditions: * adipose tissue blood flow * adipose tissue PO2 * adipose tissue oxygen consumption * adipose tissue capacity for fat uptake from chylomicron-triglycerides |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | VLCD diet group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | VLCD diet group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up period at 46 weeks | VLCD diet group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | LCD diet group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | LCD diet group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile during follow-up period (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up period | LCD diet group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | LCD diet group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in the adipocyte extracellular matrix gene and protein expression profile in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group Adipocyte extracellular matrix gene expression profile assessed: * micro-arrays on RNA expression * protein expression * Genetic polymorphisms: focus on polymorphisms in genes (a) that are preferentially expressed in white adipose tissue like TIMP4, (b) that have a proposed anchoring role of the cells to the basal lamina like the non-fibrillar type collagens IV and VI, (c) that are essential for adipose tissue development like MMP14, and (d) for which association has been found with obesity or adiposity like TIMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | VLCD diet group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | VLCD diet group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up period at week 46 | VLCD diet group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at week 16 | LCD diet group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression during follow-up period (LCD-group) | at week 16 and after follow-up period at 53 weeks | LCD diet group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in adipocyte stress proteins expression in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group Adipocyte stress proteins expression: * components of stress fibers and focal adhesions, like integrins * 43 'stress proteins' with focus on 9 stress proteins: actin betaactin, gamma 1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI), alphacofilin 1 (non-muscle), keratin 8, stathmin 1/oncoprotein 18, tropomyosin 3, vimentin, tubulin beta |
| change in physiological parameters due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| change in physiological parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| change in physiological parameters during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| change in physiological parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| change in physiological parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| change in physiological parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| Changes in physiological parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| Changes in physiological parameters in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Physiological parameters: Blood pressure, waist-, and hip-circumference, weight, BMI, age, body fat |
| change in plasma metabolic parameters due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| change in plasma metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| change in plasma metabolic parameters during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| change in plasma metabolic parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| change in plasma metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| change in plasma metabolic parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| Changes in plasma metabolic parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| Changes in plasma metabolic parameters in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group Plasma metabolic parameters are measured in fasting and postprandial conditions, focused on: Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, glycerol and triglycerides |
| change in fat cell size and fat cell number due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | — |
| change in fat cell size and fat cell number during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | — |
| change in fat cell size and fat cell number during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | — |
| change in fat cell size and fat cell number due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | — |
| change in fat cell size and fat cell number during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | — |
| change in fat cell size and fat cell number during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | — |
| Changes in fat cell size and fat cell number in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | — |
| Changes in fat cell size and fat cell number in relation to weight regain after weight loss | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group |
| change in breath volatile organic compounds due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | — |
| change in breath volatile organic compounds during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | — |
| change in breath volatile organic compounds during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | — |
| change in breath volatile organic compounds due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | — |
| change in breath volatile organic compounds during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | — |
| change in breath volatile organic compounds during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | — |
| Changes in breath volatile organic compounds in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | — |
| Changes in breath volatile organic compounds in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group |
| change in inflammatory parameters due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | In VLCD-group. Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| change in inflammatory parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | In VLCD-group. Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| change in inflammatory parameters during follow-up period (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | In VLCD-group. Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| change in inflammatory parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | In LCD-group. Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| change in inflammatory parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | In LCD-group. Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| change in adipokine profile due to dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | In VLCD-group. Parameters of adipokine profile, including: leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesarg), adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, RBP4, PAI-1, ACE, FGF-21, Vaspin, Apelin, Nesfatin-1 and TNFa |
| Changes in inflammatory parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| Changes in inflammatory parameters in relation to weight regain during the follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
| Changes in protein concentration of metabolic parameters due to the dietary intervention (VLCD-group) | at baseline and after 5 weeks of VLCD diet | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| Changes in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (VLCD-group) | after 5 weeks of VLCD diet and at 9 weeks | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during follow-up (VLCD-group) | at 9 weeks and after follow-up at 46 weeks | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters due to dietary intervention (LCD-group) | at baseline and after 12 weeks of LCD diet | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during weight-stable period (LCD-group) | after 12 weeks of LCD diet and at 16 weeks | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters in the LCD-group compared to the VLCD-group | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in protein concentration of metabolic parameters in relation to weight regain during follow-up | at baseline, at 5, 9, 12, 16, 46 and 53 weeks | In LCD-group and VLCD-group Protein concentrations of metabolic parameters, including: CD36, FABP4, Vimentin, Vimentin25, HSL, ALDOC, ALDOA, TUBB5, ANXA2, HADH, ACAA2 and ACADS |
| change in inflammatory parameters during follow-up (LCD-group) | at 16 weeks and after follow-up at 53 weeks | In LCD-group. Inflammatory parameters are analyzed in: * Plasma (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) * Micro-array * PCR: (including: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed