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Velcade (Bortezomib) Consolidation After Transplant

An Open-label, Randomised Trial of Bortezomib Consolidation (With Thalidomide and Prednisolone) Vs Thalidomide and Prednisolone Alone in Previously Untreated Subjects With Multiple Myeloma After Receiving Bortezomib, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone (VCD) Induction and Autologous Stem Cell Transplant

Status
Completed
Phases
Phase 3
Study type
Interventional
Source
ClinicalTrials.gov
Registry ID
NCT01539083
Acronym
VCAT
Enrollment
256
Registered
2012-02-27
Start date
2012-01-13
Completion date
2018-01-09
Last updated
2025-02-04

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Multiple Myeloma

Keywords

Multiple Myeloma, Bortezomib, VELCADE, Consolidation therapy, Subcutaneous, Thalidomide, Prednisolone, Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), VELCADE, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone (VCD) induction therapy

Brief summary

The purpose of this study is to determine if bortezomib when added to consolidation treatment with thalidomide and prednisolone leads to an improved response in patients with multiple myeloma who have undergone autologous stem cell transplant and initial treatment with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone.

Detailed description

This is an open-label (patients will know the identity of study treatments), randomized (patients will be assigned by chance to different treatments) study of bortezomib administered as consolidation therapy (therapy given once a remission is achieved) with thalidomide and prednisolone versus thalidomide and prednisolone alone in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of your plasma cells, a type of white blood cell present in your bone marrow. Patients in this study will receive initial therapy with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (referred to as VCD induction therapy) and will undergo autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) (a procedure where patients receive an infusion of immature blood cells \[stem cells\] from their own body to replenish the body's supply of healthy blood-forming cells) before randomization to one of two treatments: Treatment A (thalidomide for up to 12 months or until disease progression and prednisolone on alternate days continued indefinitely or until disease progression) or Treatment B (bortezomib for 32 weeks in addition to thalidomide up to 12 months or until disease progression and prednisolone on alternate days, continued indefinitely or until disease progression. Throughout the study, the patient's response to therapy will be assessed according to protocol-defined efficacy evaluations and by implementing defined disease response criteria (International Myeloma Working Group \[IMWG\] criteria). Safety will be evaluated throughout the study. Follow up for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) will be conducted from time of randomization to 3 years post-randomization. Two interim analyses are planned. The final analysis will be conducted after all patients have completed 12-month consolidation treatment phase or discontinued. The primary endpoint of number and percent of patients with complete response and very good partial response defined by IMWG criteria for multiple myeloma will be examined in the interim and final analyses after approximately 12 months of consolidation therapy. At the completion of the study, updated analyses of PFS and OS will be performed.

Interventions

DRUGThalidomide

Thalidomide 100 mg tablet, orally.

DRUGBortezomib

Bortezomib 1.3 milligram per square meter (mg/m\^2) solution for injection subcutaneously (SC).

DRUGCyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m\^2 orally.

DRUGDexamethasone

Dexamethasone 20 mg orally.

DRUGPrednisolone

Prednisolone 50 mg orally.

Sponsors

Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC
Lead SponsorINDUSTRY

Study design

Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

* Previously diagnosed with multiple myeloma based on international myeloma working group (IMWG) criteria.and meet all of the following; Serum M-protein greater than or equal to (\>=) 1 gram per deciliter (g/dL) (\>=10 gram per liter); Urine M-protein \>=200 milligram (mg) per 24 hour and Serum Free Light chain (FLC) assay: Involved FLC Level \>=10 mg/dL (\>=100 mg/L) provided serum FLC ratio is normal * Meet the pretreatment laboratory criteria as specified in the study protocol at and within 21 days before baseline (Day 1 of Cycle 1, before bortezomib administration for induction). * Have ECOG status 0-2. * Men and women must practice an appropriate method of birth control as specified in the study protocol from signing of the informed consent form though to the 12-month visit/early termination visit.

Exclusion criteria

* Has previously received treatment for multiple myeloma (including prior therapy with radiation or pulsed dexamethasone) as specified in the study protocol. * Has a history of any other malignancy within 5 years before enrolment as specified in the study protocol. * Has had major surgery as specified in the study protocol within 30 days before enrolment. * Had a myocardial infarction within 6 months of enrolment or has New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure (or other clinically significant cardiac medical history as specified in the study protocol). * Has any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would make participation not be in the best interest (eg, compromise the well-being) of the patient or that could prevent, limit, or confound the protocol-specified assessments.

Design outcomes

Primary

MeasureTime frameDescription
Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) and Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) at Month 12Month 12CR as per IMWG criteria is defined as negative immunofixation on the serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and less than (\<) 5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow. VGPR as per IMWG criteria is defined as serum and urine M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not on electrophoresis or 90 percent or greater reduction in serum M-protein plus urine M-protein level \<100 milligram (mg) per 24 hours.

Secondary

MeasureTime frameDescription
Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Months 3, 6, 9 and 12sCR as per IMWG criteria is CR plus normal free light chain (FLC) ratio and absence of clonal cells in bone marrow. CR is negative immunofixation on serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and \<5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow.
Progression Free Survival (PFS)Baseline until progressive disease (up to 5 years)PFS, calculated as the time between randomization to disease progression or death (regardless of cause), whichever occurred first. Progressive disease as per IMWG criteria: increase of \>= 25 percent from lowest response level in Serum M-component and/or (the absolute increase must be \>=0.5 gram per deciliter \[g/dL\]) Urine M-component and/or (the absolute increase must be \>=200 mg/24 hour. Only in participants without measurable serum and urine M-protein levels: the difference between involved and uninvolved free light chain levels. The absolute increase must be \>10 mg/dL. Bone marrow plasma cell percentage: the absolute percent must be \>=10 percent. Definite development of new bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas or definite increase in the size of existing bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas. Development of hypercalcemia (corrected serum calcium \>11.5 mg/dL or 2.65 millimole per liter (mmol/L) that can be attributed solely to the plasma cell proliferative disorder.
Disease-free Survival (DFS)Up to 5 yearsDFS, defined as the duration from the start of CR to the time of relapse from CR. DFS applied only to participants in CR. CR as per IMWG criteria is negative immunofixation on serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and \<5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow. Relapse from CR: reappearance of serum or urine M-protein by immunofixation or electrophoresis; development of \>= 5 percent plasma cells in the bone marrow; appearance of any other sign of progression (ie, new plasmacytoma, lytic bone lesion, or hypercalcaemia).
Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Months 3, 6, 9 and 12CR as per IMWG criteria is negative immunofixation on serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and \<5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow.
Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseBaseline, Month 12The assessment of quality of life-6D (AQoL-6D) is a multi-attribute health-related quality of life instrument (QoL). It comprises dimension scores for independent living, relationships, mental health, coping, pain, senses, and utility score for AQol-6D. Each scale ranges between 1 (best QoL) and -0.04 (worst possible QoL).
Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in FACT/GOG-NTX Total Score at the End of the Consolidation PhaseBaseline, Month 12Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-NTX) consists of 10 items and evaluates symptoms and concerns associated specifically with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. 1 FACT/GOG-NTX total score has a range of 0 to 108 with a higher score indicating better quality of life.
Overall Survival (OS)Up to 5 yearsOS was defined as the time between randomization and death. Death of a participant regardless of the cause was considered as an event.

Countries

Australia, China, South Korea

Participant flow

Pre-assignment details

The study consisted of 2 treatment phases: induction and consolidation. Participants who completed the induction phase were randomized to enter in the consolidation treatment phase.

Participants by arm

ArmCount
Bortezomib + Cyclophosphamide + Dexamethasone (VCD Induction)
Participants received bortezomib (Velcade) 1.3 milligram per square meter (mg/m\^2) subcutaneously (SC) on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11; cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m\^2 orally on Days 1, 8, and 15; and dexamethasone 20 milligram (mg) orally on Days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12 in three 21-day treatment cycles. Participants who completed induction phase entered into the consolidation treatment phase.
254
Total254

Withdrawals & dropouts

PeriodReasonFG000FG001FG002
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Adverse Event011
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Death0611
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Lost to Follow-up022
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Other011
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Physician Decision001
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Progressive Disease063
After Randomization (TP and VTP)Withdrawal by Subject054
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Adverse Event1400
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Death600
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Other500
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Physician Decision1400
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Progressive Disease800
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Protocol Violation200
Before Randomization (VCD Induction)Withdrawal by Subject400

Baseline characteristics

CharacteristicBortezomib + Cyclophosphamide + Dexamethasone (VCD Induction)
Age, Continuous57.8 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.76
Region of Enrollment
Australia
207 Participants
Region of Enrollment
China
17 Participants
Region of Enrollment
Republic of Korea
30 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
109 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
145 Participants

Adverse events

Event typeEG000
affected / at risk
EG001
affected / at risk
EG002
affected / at risk
deaths
Total, all-cause mortality
— / —— / —— / —
other
Total, other adverse events
233 / 25495 / 9996 / 103
serious
Total, serious adverse events
88 / 25422 / 9928 / 103

Outcome results

Primary

Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) and Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) at Month 12

CR as per IMWG criteria is defined as negative immunofixation on the serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and less than (\<) 5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow. VGPR as per IMWG criteria is defined as serum and urine M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not on electrophoresis or 90 percent or greater reduction in serum M-protein plus urine M-protein level \<100 milligram (mg) per 24 hours.

Time frame: Month 12

Population: All response-evaluable-randomized analysis set was defined as all participants in the response-evaluable-induction set (all participants who received at least 1 dose of study medication in the induction phase and had measurable disease at baseline) who were randomized to receive consolidation treatment.

ArmMeasureValue (NUMBER)
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) and Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) at Month 1281.3 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) and Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) at Month 1292.9 percentage of participants
Secondary

Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation Phase

The assessment of quality of life-6D (AQoL-6D) is a multi-attribute health-related quality of life instrument (QoL). It comprises dimension scores for independent living, relationships, mental health, coping, pain, senses, and utility score for AQol-6D. Each scale ranges between 1 (best QoL) and -0.04 (worst possible QoL).

Time frame: Baseline, Month 12

Population: All treated randomized analysis set was defined as participants in the all enrolled set (participants with non-missing informed consent date,not screen failures) received at least 1 dose of any study drug and randomized to receive consolidation treatment. Here, 'N'(number of participants analyzed) participants who were evaluable for this endpoint.

ArmMeasureGroupValue (MEAN)Dispersion
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseMental Health0.18 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.319
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhasePain0.20 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.373
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseRelationships0.06 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.3
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseSenses0.03 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.14
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseCoping0.08 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.278
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseAQoL-6D Utility score0.11 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.216
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseIndependent Living0.15 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.335
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseAQoL-6D Utility score0.11 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.213
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseIndependent Living0.14 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.397
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseRelationships0.05 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.296
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseMental Health0.18 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.27
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseCoping0.05 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.237
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhasePain0.20 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.395
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in AQOL-6D Scores at the End of the Consolidation PhaseSenses0.00 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 0.137
Secondary

Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in FACT/GOG-NTX Total Score at the End of the Consolidation Phase

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-NTX) consists of 10 items and evaluates symptoms and concerns associated specifically with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. 1 FACT/GOG-NTX total score has a range of 0 to 108 with a higher score indicating better quality of life.

Time frame: Baseline, Month 12

Population: All treated randomized analysis set was defined as participants in the all enrolled set (participants with non-missing informed consent date,not screen failures) received at least 1 dose of any study drug and randomized to receive consolidation treatment. Here, 'N'(number of participants analyzed) participants who were evaluable for this endpoint.

ArmMeasureValue (MEAN)Dispersion
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in FACT/GOG-NTX Total Score at the End of the Consolidation Phase2.9 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 19.68
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Change From Baseline in FACT/GOG-NTX Total Score at the End of the Consolidation Phase1.0 units on a scaleStandard Deviation 19.69
Secondary

Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12

CR as per IMWG criteria is negative immunofixation on serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and \<5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow.

Time frame: Months 3, 6, 9 and 12

Population: All response-evaluable-randomized analysis set was defined as all participants in the response-evaluable-induction set (all participants who received at least 1 dose of study medication in the induction phase and had measurable disease at baseline) who were randomized to receive consolidation treatment.

ArmMeasureGroupValue (NUMBER)
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 336.5 percentage of participants
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 644.8 percentage of participants
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 949.0 percentage of participants
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 1251.0 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 1253.1 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 336.7 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 952.0 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Complete Response (CR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 644.9 percentage of participants
Secondary

Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12

sCR as per IMWG criteria is CR plus normal free light chain (FLC) ratio and absence of clonal cells in bone marrow. CR is negative immunofixation on serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and \<5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow.

Time frame: Months 3, 6, 9 and 12

Population: All response-evaluable-randomized analysis set was defined as all participants in the response-evaluable-induction set (all participants who received at least 1 dose of study medication in the induction phase and had measurable disease at baseline) who were randomized to receive consolidation treatment.

ArmMeasureGroupValue (NUMBER)
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 320.8 percentage of participants
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 627.1 percentage of participants
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 926.0 percentage of participants
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 1226.0 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 1228.6 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 323.5 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 930.6 percentage of participants
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Consolidation Phase: Percentage of Participants With Stringent Complete Response (sCR) at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12Month 628.6 percentage of participants
Secondary

Disease-free Survival (DFS)

DFS, defined as the duration from the start of CR to the time of relapse from CR. DFS applied only to participants in CR. CR as per IMWG criteria is negative immunofixation on serum and urine and disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas and \<5 percent plasma cells in bone marrow. Relapse from CR: reappearance of serum or urine M-protein by immunofixation or electrophoresis; development of \>= 5 percent plasma cells in the bone marrow; appearance of any other sign of progression (ie, new plasmacytoma, lytic bone lesion, or hypercalcaemia).

Time frame: Up to 5 years

Population: Response-evaluable-randomized analysis set defined as all participants in the response-evaluable-induction set (who received at least 1 dose of study medication;had measurable disease at baseline) who were randomized to receive consolidation treatment. Here, 'N' (number of participants analyzed) signifies the participants who had complete response.

ArmMeasureValue (MEDIAN)
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Disease-free Survival (DFS)18.53 months
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Disease-free Survival (DFS)13.37 months
Secondary

Overall Survival (OS)

OS was defined as the time between randomization and death. Death of a participant regardless of the cause was considered as an event.

Time frame: Up to 5 years

Population: All randomized analysis set was defined as participants in the all enrolled set (all participants with a non-missing informed consent date and were not screen failures) who were randomized to receive consolidation treatment.

ArmMeasureValue (MEDIAN)
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Overall Survival (OS)NA months
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Overall Survival (OS)NA months
Secondary

Progression Free Survival (PFS)

PFS, calculated as the time between randomization to disease progression or death (regardless of cause), whichever occurred first. Progressive disease as per IMWG criteria: increase of \>= 25 percent from lowest response level in Serum M-component and/or (the absolute increase must be \>=0.5 gram per deciliter \[g/dL\]) Urine M-component and/or (the absolute increase must be \>=200 mg/24 hour. Only in participants without measurable serum and urine M-protein levels: the difference between involved and uninvolved free light chain levels. The absolute increase must be \>10 mg/dL. Bone marrow plasma cell percentage: the absolute percent must be \>=10 percent. Definite development of new bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas or definite increase in the size of existing bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas. Development of hypercalcemia (corrected serum calcium \>11.5 mg/dL or 2.65 millimole per liter (mmol/L) that can be attributed solely to the plasma cell proliferative disorder.

Time frame: Baseline until progressive disease (up to 5 years)

Population: All response-evaluable-randomized analysis set was defined as all participants in the response-evaluable-induction set (all participants who received at least 1 dose of study medication in the induction phase and had measurable disease at baseline) who were randomized to receive consolidation treatment.

ArmMeasureValue (MEDIAN)
Thalidomide + Prednisolone [TP Consolidation]Progression Free Survival (PFS)22.05 months
Bortezomib + Thalidomide + Prednisolone [VTP Consolidation]Progression Free Survival (PFS)22.51 months

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov · Data processed: Feb 4, 2026