Colonic Neoplasms, Liver Neoplasms, Metastatic Cancer to Liver
Conditions
Keywords
Liver Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC, Metastatic Cancer to Liver, Metastatic Colon Cancer, Metastatic Colo-rectal Cancer, mCRC, Liver Function, Child-Pugh
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine a tolerable dose of radiation delivered by the CyberKnife system in two groups of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Detailed description
The CyberKnife system has been cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat lesions, tumors and conditions anywhere in the body when radiation treatment is indicated. In order to treat tumors during the respiratory cycle (vs. increasing the margin of treatment around the tumor to compensate for movement or requiring the patient to breath hold during the delivery of each beam), the Synchrony™ option, a system option that enables dynamic radiosurgery during respiration, will be used. The purpose of this study is to determine a tolerable dose of radiation delivered by the CyberKnife in two groups of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Group 1: Patients with HCC and Childs A cirrhosis, and patients with colorectal liver metastases. Group 2: Patients with Childs B cirrhosis. Patients will be irradiated with radiation doses using the CyberKnife system in 3-5 radiation fractions using guidance from fiducials placed by interventional radiology. Treatments will be delivered with standard CyberKnife procedures to account for respiratory motion and set up variations. The fiducial location will be the prime determinant of the delivery site and respiratory motion and fiducial markers will be placed via percutaneous approach by interventional radiology.
Interventions
RADIATIONStereotactic Radiosurgery using the CyberKnife System.
Radiation: Stereotactic Radiosurgery using the CyberKnife System. The CyberKnife system has been cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat lesions, tumors and conditions, anywhere in the body when radiation treatment is indicated. To address movement of target lesion during the respiratory cycle, the Synchrony™ option will be used. The Synchrony option precisely tracks tumors in or near the target organ as they move, enabling the highly focused beams of radiation to destroy the tumors with minimal injury to adjacent normal tissue. The Synchrony option records the breathing movements of a patient's chest and combines that information with sequential x-ray pictures of tiny markers inserted inside or in the proximity of the tumor to enable precise delivery of radiation during any point in the respiration cycle. The CyberKnife system with the Synchrony option enables reduced normal tissue exposure by using smaller treatment margins and increased accuracy.
Sponsors
UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (as defined by biopsy or alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) greater than 1000ng/dL with appropriate imaging) or liver metastases from colorectal cancer or other tumor (as defined by biopsy or elevated Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or a positive positron emission tomography (PET) scan in conjunction with a mass on CT or MRI in a patient with previously resected cancer). Patients with at least one measurable liver lesion and no more than 3 are eligible if they meet all other eligibility criteria including the dose constraints on the composite plan. 2. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-1. 3. Patients are not candidates for definitive surgical resection because of tumor location, hepatic function, or other medical or personal reasons. 4. Patients with HCC who are being considered for liver transplant may be entered as a bridge to transplant if it is considered by the transplant team that an ablative therapy would be of value while awaiting transplant. 5. If cirrhosis is present, patients will have Child-Pugh score of A or B (see Appendix A in the Master Protocol). 6. Patients will have tumors not optimally treated with radio-frequency ablation by interventional radiology, or by GI/transplant surgery. This could be for reasons of size, tumor location, or other reasons. 7. Ability to place fiducial markers in the vicinity of the tumor to allow for radiographic tracking of respiratory motion and tumor localization. Fiducial placement will generally be done by interventional radiology. 8. Estimates of hepatic tolerance must meet the criteria as defined in Section III. This eligibility will not be able to made definitively until the patient has agreed to participate. in the study and the appropriate scan analyses and dosimetry have been performed. No more than one decrement in dose from the planned dose level will be allowed for an individual patient because of exceeding the maximal liver doses before the patient is declared ineligible for study. 9. Adequate bone marrow and renal function as assessed by the following: * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \> 1000/mm3 * Platelet count \> 80,000/mm3 * Creatinine \< 2.0 mg/dL OR Creatinine clearance \> 45 mL/min based on Cockcroft-Gault formula). 10. Patients with extra hepatic metastatic disease are eligible if it is the opinion of the treating physician that local therapy to the liver may produce worthwhile clinical benefits 11. Patient is able to understand fully the potential risks and benefits of this approach and signs an appropriate informed consent. 12. Male and female of \>18 years of age. Male or female patients capable of reproduction must agree to use medically acceptable methods of contraception, such as an intrauterine device, diaphragm, with spermicide, condom with spermicide or abstinence. Inclusion of females of childbearing potential requires a negative pregnancy test within 14 days prior to study initiation.
Exclusion criteria
1. Child-Pugh Class C cirrhosis 2. Patients with clinically apparent central nervous system (CNS) disease. 3. Medical or psychiatric illness that would not allow the patient to tolerate the proposed treatment including inability to lie flat for an extended period of time, severe claustrophobia or other reasons. 4. Uncontrolled or significant cardiovascular disease including: myocardial infarction within 6 months, uncontrolled angina within 6 months, Class III-IV New York Heart Association (NYHA) congestive heart failure, grade 3 cardiac valve dysfunction 5. Evidence of decompensated liver disease as evidenced by: clinically significant ascites refractory to diuretic therapy) evidence of hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy not corrected by conservative measures. 6. A history of CTCAE Grade 3 bleeding esophageal or gastric varices within the past 2 months. Prior variceal bleed permitted if patient has undergone banding or sclerotherapy and there has been no evidence of bleeding for 2 months. Patients at risk for varices (based on the following: known history of esophageal or gastric varices; evidence of hepatic cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension including biopsy-proven cirrhosis, hypersplenism, or radiographic findings of varices) will be screened for esophageal varices. If varices are identified that require intervention (banding), patient will not be eligible until varices adequately treated. 7. Prisoners or patients who are compulsorily detained (involuntarily incarcerated) for treatment of either a psychiatric or physical (e.g., infectious disease) illness must not be enrolled into this study. 8. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness. 9. Inability to comply with study and/or follow-up procedures. 10. A patient with Child-Pugh Class A will not be eligible for study if the liver dose constraint described in Section 3.2 cannot be met after two decrements in dose per fraction as described above. 11. A patient with Child-Pugh Class B will not be eligible for study if the liver dose constraint described in Section 3.2 cannot be met after two decrements in dose per fraction as described above.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | 90 days | To determine a tolerable dose, cumulative acute toxicity was collected (defined as toxicity occurring within 90 days of treatment initiation). Adverse events were graded by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Tolerability was based on hepatic toxicity. A grading (severity) scale is provided for each adverse event (AE) term. Grade 1 Mild; asymptomatic or mild symptoms; clinical or diagnostic observations only; intervention not indicated. Grade 2 Moderate; minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated; limiting age-appropriate instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Grade 3 Severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated; disabling; limiting self care ADL. Grade 4 Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated. Grade 5 Death related to AE. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Local Tumor Control to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | 12.7 months | 1 year local control defined as percentage of patients with freedom from local progression at a median follow-up time of 12.7 months. Progressive disease is defined as increase by \>= 50% of product of the two perpendicular diameters of an irradiated lesion. |
| Percentage of Local Response to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | 6 months | Complete response (CR) is defined as disappearance of the target lesion, partial response (PR) as regression of measureable disease, progressive disease (PD) as increase by \>= 50% in product of the two perpendicular diameters of an irradiated lesion, and stable disease (SD) as all others not meeting criteria for CR, PR, or PD. |
| Overall Survival of Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | 1 year | Overall survival is defined as percentage of patients remaining alive from start of study treatment to 1 year. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Patients were enrolled from June, 2009 to March, 2014 at two institutions.
Pre-assignment details
39 participants were consented and 9 were found ineligible and were not treated.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Single Arm Patients With HCC or Liver Metastases Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not appropriate for surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a bridge to transplant. The original cohort was not analyzed between good vs compromised liver function because there were only 2 patients with Child-Pugh Class B and secondary outcomes measured are thought to be more influenced by disease rather than liver function (which may be more relevant for toxicity). | 30 |
| Total | 30 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Single Arm Patients With HCC or Liver Metastases |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 65.5 years |
| Child Pugh Score 5 (Class A) | 22 Participants |
| Child Pugh Score 6 (Class A) | 6 Participants |
| Child Pugh Score >=7 (Class B) | 2 Participants |
| Dose of Radiation Therapy (Gy) | 45 Gray (Gy) |
| Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 0 | 17 Participants |
| Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 1 | 13 Participants |
| Fractionation 10 Gy x 3 = 30 Gy | 1 Participants |
| Fractionation 12.5 Gy x 3 = 37.5 Gy | 4 Participants |
| Fractionation 13.33 Gy x 3 = 40 Gy | 1 Participants |
| Fractionation 15 Gy x 3 = 45 Gy | 21 Participants |
| Fractionation 5.5 Gy x 5 = 27.5 Gy | 1 Participants |
| Fractionation 7 Gy x 5 = 35 Gy | 2 Participants |
| Gross tumor volume (cc) median (range) | 22.5 cc |
| Lesion size (cm) <2 | 1 Participants |
| Lesion size (cm) 2-2.9 | 10 Participants |
| Lesion size (cm) 3-3.9 | 9 Participants |
| Lesion size (cm) 4-4.9 | 2 Participants |
| Lesion size (cm) 5-5.9 | 5 Participants |
| Lesion size (cm) >6 | 3 Participants |
| Lesion size (cm) median (range) | 3.5 cm |
| Mean liver dose (Gy) ) | 10.3 Gy |
| Number of lesions treated 1 | 26 Participants |
| Number of lesions treated 2 | 3 Participants |
| Number of lesions treated 3 | 1 Participants |
| Planning target volume (cc) median (range) | 65.5 cc |
| Primary Disease Hepatocellular carcinoma | 11 Participants |
| Primary Disease Metastatic cancer | 19 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies > 1 prior local therapy | 9 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Any local therapy | 14 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Liver resection | 9 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) | 6 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Resection + RFA | 3 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Resection + TACE | 2 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Resection x2 + RFA | 1 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies TACE + RFA x3 | 1 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies TACE x 2 | 1 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies TACE x 2 + RFA | 1 Participants |
| Prior liver-directed therapies Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) | 7 Participants |
| Prior systemic therapy | 16 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 9 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 18 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 30 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 19 Participants |
| Volume of liver receiving <15 Gy (cc) | 1239 cc |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 15 / 30 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 27 / 30 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 30 |
Outcome results
Primary
Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT.
To determine a tolerable dose, cumulative acute toxicity was collected (defined as toxicity occurring within 90 days of treatment initiation). Adverse events were graded by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Tolerability was based on hepatic toxicity. A grading (severity) scale is provided for each adverse event (AE) term. Grade 1 Mild; asymptomatic or mild symptoms; clinical or diagnostic observations only; intervention not indicated. Grade 2 Moderate; minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated; limiting age-appropriate instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Grade 3 Severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated; disabling; limiting self care ADL. Grade 4 Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated. Grade 5 Death related to AE.
Time frame: 90 days
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Low Hemoglobin | 4 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Abdominal pain | 2 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Increased Alanine Aminotransferase | 3 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Increased alkaline phosphatase | 2 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Elevated Bilirubin | 4 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | international normalized ratio increased | 2 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Decreased Leukocyte | 2 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Decreased Platelets | 2 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Fatigue | 4 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Dyspnea | 1 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Nausea | 2 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Acute total | 14 Participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Elevated Aspartate Aminotransferase | 5 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Acute total | 2 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Elevated Aspartate Aminotransferase | 1 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Elevated Bilirubin | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Low Hemoglobin | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Fatigue | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Increased Alanine Aminotransferase | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Decreased Leukocyte | 1 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Nausea | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Abdominal pain | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Increased alkaline phosphatase | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | international normalized ratio increased | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Decreased Platelets | 0 Participants |
| Grade 3 Adverse Events | Tolerability of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Based on Number of Cumulative Acute Toxicities Occurring Within 90 Days of Treatment and Related to SBRT. | Dyspnea | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Local Tumor Control to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver
1 year local control defined as percentage of patients with freedom from local progression at a median follow-up time of 12.7 months. Progressive disease is defined as increase by \>= 50% of product of the two perpendicular diameters of an irradiated lesion.
Time frame: 12.7 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Local Tumor Control to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | 81 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Overall Survival of Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver
Overall survival is defined as percentage of patients remaining alive from start of study treatment to 1 year.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Overall Survival of Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | 62 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Percentage of Local Response to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver
Complete response (CR) is defined as disappearance of the target lesion, partial response (PR) as regression of measureable disease, progressive disease (PD) as increase by \>= 50% in product of the two perpendicular diameters of an irradiated lesion, and stable disease (SD) as all others not meeting criteria for CR, PR, or PD.
Time frame: 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Percentage of Local Response to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | Complete Response | 7 percentage of participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Percentage of Local Response to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | Partial Response | 13 percentage of participants |
| Grade 2 Adverse Events | Percentage of Local Response to Doses of Radiation in Patients With Liver Cancer or Metastases to the Liver | Stable Disease | 80 percentage of participants |