Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this trial is to determine whether a initial combination of linagliptin and metformin compared to linagliptin alone for 24 weeks is effective in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Interventions
DRUGmetformin
1000 mg to 2000 mg per day
DRUGlinagliptin
5 mg daily
0 to 2 tablets daily
Sponsors
Eli Lilly and Company
Boehringer Ingelheim
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Patients must sign and date an Informed Consent consistent with International Conference on Harmonisation / Good Clinical Practice guidelines and local regulations prior to any evaluation and participation in the trial. 2. Male and female patients, 18 years of age or older at Visit 1 (Screen), with newly diagnosed (less than 12 months prior to Screen) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 3. Patients who are treatment-naïve, defined as absence of any oral antidiabetic therapy, injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist/analogue, or insulin, and uncontrolled for the 12 weeks prior to randomisation. 4. Patients must have an glycated (or glycosylated) haemoglobin (HbA1c) between 8.5% \[69 millimoles per mole (mmol/mol)\] and 12.0% (108 mmol/mol) at Visit 1 (Screen). 5. Patients must have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 45 kg/m2 or less at Visit 1 (Screen). 6. In the investigators opinion, patients must be reliable, honest, compliant, and agree to cooperate with all planned future trial evaluations as explained in detail during the informed consent process and to be able to perform them.
Exclusion criteria
Patients with, who are, who have, or who have had: 1. Acute coronary syndrome (non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), STEMI, and unstable angina pectoris), stroke or transient ischemic attack within 3 months prior to informed consent. 2. Indication of liver disease determined during Screen and/or Run-In Period, defined by a serum level above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) in any of the following: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or alkaline phosphatase. Gilbert-Meulengracht syndrome (also known as conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, constitutional hepatic dysfunction, or familial nonhemolytic jaundice) will be permitted. 3. Impaired renal function, defined as calculated creatinine clearance of less than 60 milliliters per minute (\< 60 mL/min), by the Cockcroft-Gault Equation, as determined during Screen and/or Run-In Period. 4. Bariatric, gastric bypass, and other gastrointestinal surgeries (including all types of gastric banding and/or LapBand) within the past two years. 5. Medical history of cancer (except for basal cell carcinoma) and/or treatment for cancer within the last 5 years. 6. Medical history of pancreatitis. 7. Blood dyscrasias or any disorders causing hemolysis or unstable red blood cells (e.g., malaria, babesiosis, haemolytic anaemia). 8. Any contraindication to metformin and/or linagliptin therapies, according to local labels. 9. Treatment with anti-obesity drugs, including over-the-counter drugs such as Alli (orlistat), 3 months prior to informed consent or any other treatment at the time of screening (i.e., surgery, aggressive diet regimen, etc.) leading to unstable body weight. 10. Current treatment with systemic steroids at time of informed consent or change in dosage of thyroid hormones within 6 weeks prior to informed consent or any other uncontrolled endocrine disorder except Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 11. Pre-menopausal women (last menstruation of 1 year or less prior to informed consent) who are nursing or pregnant, are of child-bearing potential and are not practicing an acceptable method of birth control, or do not plan to continue using this method throughout the trial and do not agree to submit to periodic pregnancy testing during participation in the trial. Note: Acceptable methods of birth control include tubal ligation, transdermal patch, intra uterine devices/systems, oral, implantable, intra-vaginal, or injectable contraceptives, Essure micro-inserts placed more than six months prior to Screen Visit, complete sexual abstinence (if acceptable by local authorities), double barrier method (e.g., diaphragm or condom and spermicide), and vasectomised partner. 12. Alcohol or drug abuse within the 3 months prior to informed consent that would interfere with trial participation or any ongoing condition leading to decreased compliance to trial procedures or study medication intake in the opinion of the investigator. 13. Participation in another trial with an investigational drug within 2 months prior to informed consent. 14. Any other clinical condition that would jeopardize patient safety while participating in this clinical trial in the opinion of the Investigator. 15. Inability to commit to regular overnight fasting of at least 10 hours duration and attendance to study site visits between 07:00 and 11:00 ante meridiem (a.m.).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks | Baseline and 24 weeks | HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the Week 24 HbA1c minus the baseline HbA1c. Means are adjusted for treatment and continuous baseline HbA1c |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment | Baseline and 24 weeks | The change from baseline is the FPG after 24 weeks minus the baseline FPG. Means are adjusted for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c and continuous baseline fasting plasma glucose. |
| Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks | HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the HbA1c over time minus the baseline HbA1c. The model includes treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c in addition to week repeated within patient, week by baseline HbA1c interaction and week by treatment interaction. |
| Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment) | Baseline and 24 weeks | The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks of treatment.The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c. |
| Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 1.0% After 24 Weeks of Treatment) | Baseline and 24 weeks | The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c lowering by at least 1.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c. |
| Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment | Baseline and 24 weeks | The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c below 7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c. |
| Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks | The change from baseline is the FPG over time minus the baseline FPG. Means are adjusted for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c, continuous baseline FPG in addition to week repeated within patient, week by baseline FPG interaction and week by treatment interaction. |
Countries
Canada, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Ukraine, United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin Patients treated with linagliptin 5mg and metformin IR (1500mg to 2000mg total daily dose) | 159 |
| Linagliptin 5mg Patients treated with linagliptin 5mg | 157 |
| Total | 316 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 2 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 2 | 5 |
| Overall Study | Protocol Violation | 1 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Reason other than stated above | 13 | 9 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Linagliptin 5mg | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 49.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.9 | 48.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 | 48.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 |
| Baseline HbA1c | 9.79 percentage STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.19 | 9.88 percentage STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1 | 9.83 percentage STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.14 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 90 Participants | 80 Participants | 170 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 69 Participants | 77 Participants | 146 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 39 / 159 | 51 / 157 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 3 / 159 | 2 / 157 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks
HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the Week 24 HbA1c minus the baseline HbA1c. Means are adjusted for treatment and continuous baseline HbA1c
Time frame: Baseline and 24 weeks
Population: Per Protocol completers cohort (PPCC): All patients randomised, treated with at least 1 dose of study drug, with a baseline HbA1c value without important protocol violations and who completed 24 weeks of treatment, were not treated with rescue medication and have an HbA1c measurement after 24 weeks of treatment.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks | -2.81 percent | Standard Error 0.12 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks | -2.02 percent | Standard Error 0.13 |
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [-1.13, -0.46]ANCOVA
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
The change from baseline is the FPG after 24 weeks minus the baseline FPG. Means are adjusted for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c and continuous baseline fasting plasma glucose.
Time frame: Baseline and 24 weeks
Population: Patients from PPCC (LOCF)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment | -47.1 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.8 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment | -30.2 mg/dL | Standard Error 4.2 |
p-value: 0.003295% CI: [-28, -5.7]ANCOVA
Secondary
Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time
The change from baseline is the FPG over time minus the baseline FPG. Means are adjusted for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c, continuous baseline FPG in addition to week repeated within patient, week by baseline FPG interaction and week by treatment interaction.
Time frame: Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks
Population: Patients from PPCC, Observed Cases
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 6 | -52.3 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.37 |
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 12 | -54.1 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.49 |
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 24 | -47.1 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.88 |
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 18 | -52.4 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.2 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 18 | -35.4 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.46 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 6 | -31.9 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.67 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 24 | -30.1 mg/dL | Standard Error 4.16 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time | Change to week 12 | -30.5 mg/dL | Standard Error 3.77 |
Secondary
Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time
HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the HbA1c over time minus the baseline HbA1c. The model includes treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c in addition to week repeated within patient, week by baseline HbA1c interaction and week by treatment interaction.
Time frame: Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks
Population: Patients from PPCC (observed cases)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 6 | -1.97 percent | Standard Error 0.09 |
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 12 | -2.69 percent | Standard Error 0.11 |
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 18 | -2.79 percent | Standard Error 0.11 |
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 24 | -2.81 percent | Standard Error 0.12 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 24 | -2.01 percent | Standard Error 0.13 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 6 | -1.33 percent | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 18 | -2.01 percent | Standard Error 0.12 |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time | Change to week 12 | -1.85 percent | Standard Error 0.12 |
Secondary
Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)
The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks of treatment.The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c.
Time frame: Baseline and 24 weeks
Population: Patients from PPCC. Non-completers considered as failures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment) | 124 participants |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment) | 92 participants |
p-value: 0.003195% CI: [1.573, 9.328]Regression, Logistic
Secondary
Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 1.0% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)
The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c lowering by at least 1.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c.
Time frame: Baseline and 24 weeks
Population: Patients from PPCC. Non-completers considered as failures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 1.0% After 24 Weeks of Treatment) | 116 participants |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 1.0% After 24 Weeks of Treatment) | 82 participants |
p-value: 0.002595% CI: [1.458, 5.849]Regression, Logistic
Secondary
Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c below 7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c.
Time frame: Baseline and 24 weeks
Population: Patients from PPCC. Non-completers considered as failures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin | Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment | 81 participants |
| Linagliptin 5mg | Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment | 45 participants |
p-value: 0.000895% CI: [1.453, 4.123]Regression, Logistic