Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Papillary Thyroid Cancer, Previously Treated Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma, Recurrent Childhood Liver Cancer, Recurrent Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma, Recurrent Thyroid Cancer, Recurrent Wilms Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors
Conditions
Brief summary
This phase II trial studies how well sorafenib tosylate works in treating younger patients with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, liver cancer, or thyroid cancer. Sorafenib tosylate may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth.
Detailed description
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To determine the objective response rate to sorafenib tosylate (sorafenib) in children with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To further define and describe the toxicities of sorafenib administered on an oral, twice-daily continuous schedule. II. To further characterize the pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in children with refractory cancer. III. To estimate the progression-free survival on sorafenib for rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, and hepatocellular carcinoma and compare to a group of patients enrolled on selected closed Phase II studies of Children Oncology Group (COG). IV. To assess the biologic activity of sorafenib on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in peripheral blood samples. (Exploratory) V. To evaluate the presence of BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements in patients with PTC. (Exploratory) OUTLINE: This is a multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to diagnosis (rhabdomyosarcoma vs Wilms tumor vs hepatocellular carcinoma vs papillary thyroid carcinoma). Patients receive sorafenib tosylate orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 24 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients undergo blood sample collection at baseline and periodically during study for pharmacokinetic studies, and VEGF and VEGFR-2 analysis by ELISA. Previously collected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples, from patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, are also analyzed for BRAF mutation and RET/PTC rearrangements by PCR. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up for up to 5 years.
Interventions
DRUGsorafenib tosylate
Given PO dosage 200 mg/m2/dose (max dose:400 mg/dose) given every 12 hours on days 1-28
OTHERpharmacological study
Optional correlative studies
OTHERlaboratory biomarker analysis
Optional correlative studies
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
2 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients must have had histologic verification of one of the malignancies listed below at original diagnosis or at relapse: * Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) * Wilms tumor * Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) * Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) * Patients must have relapsed or refractory disease (RMS, Wilms tumor, HCC, PTC) * Patients must have radiographically measurable disease; measurable disease is defined as the presence of at least one lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan that can be accurately measured with the longest diameter a minimum of 10 mm in at least one dimension (CT scan slice thickness no greater than 5 mm) * The following do not qualify as measurable disease: * Malignant fluid collections (e.g., ascites, pleural effusions) * Bone marrow infiltration * Lesions only detected by nuclear medicine studies (e.g., bone, gallium, or positron emission tomography \[PET\] scans) * Elevated tumor markers in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) * Previously radiated lesions that have not demonstrated clear progression post radiation * Leptomeningeal lesions that do not meet the requirements noted above * Patients with HCC must be relapsed or refractory to conventional chemotherapy * Patients with PTC must be refractory to radioactive iodine (RAI) * Patient's current disease state must be one for which there is no known curative therapy or therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life * Patients with known metastasis to the brain will be excluded from trial participation unless treated surgically or with radiotherapy and stable with no recurrent lesions for at least 3 months * Rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms strata: patients must be ≥ 24 months and ≤ 30 years of age at study enrollment * Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): patients must be ≥ 24 months and \< 18 years of age at study enrollment * Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC): patients must be ≥ 24 months and ≤ 21 years of age at study enrollment * Patients must have a Lansky or Karnofsky performance status score of ≥ 50%, corresponding to ECOG categories 0, 1, or 2 * Use Karnofsky for patients \> 16 years of age and Lansky for patients ≤ 16 years of age * Patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score * Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1,000/μL * Platelet count ≥ 75,000/μL (transfusion independent, defined as not receiving platelet transfusions within a 7-day period prior to enrollment) * Hemoglobin 8.0 g/dL (may receive red blood cell\[RBC\] transfusions) * Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate(GFR) 70 mL/min OR a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows: * 0.8 mg/dL (2 to \< 6 years of age) * 1.0 mg/dL (6 to \< 10 years of age) * 1.2 mg/dL (10 to \< 13 years of age) * 1.5 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (13 to \< 16 years of age) * 1.7 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (≥ 16 years of age) * Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) for age * SGPT (ALT) ≤ 135 U/L (for the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT is 45 U/L) * PT, PTT, and INR \< 1.5 times ULN * Normal serum lipase and amylase (per institutional normal values) * No evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance, and a pulse oximetry \> 94% if there is clinical indication for determination * A blood pressure (BP) ≤ the 95\^th percentile for age, height, and gender; and not receiving medication for treatment of hypertension * Patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding are not eligible * Negative pregnancy tests must be obtained in girls who are post-menarchal * Males or females of reproductive potential may not participate unless they have agreed to use an effective contraceptive method beginning at the signing of the informed consent until at least 30 days after the last dose of the study drug * Patients with clinical symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy or ascites are not eligible * Patients who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible * Patients with evidence of bleeding diathesis are not eligible * Patients with known Gilbert syndrome are not eligible * Patients who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able to comply with the safety-monitoring requirements of the study are not eligible * No concurrent chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunomodulating agents, or other investigational agents * Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study * Patients with solid tumors must not have received myelosuppressive chemotherapy within 3 weeks of enrollment onto this study (6 weeks if prior nitrosourea) * At least 7 days must have elapsed since the completion of therapy with a growth factor (at least 14 days must have elapsed after receiving pegfilgrastim) * At least 7 days must have elapsed since completion of therapy with a biologic agent; * For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period prior to enrollment must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur * At least 3 half-lives must have elapsed since prior therapy that included a monoclonal antibody * At least 2 weeks must have elapsed since local palliative radiotherapy (XRT) (small port); ≥ 3 months must have elapsed if prior craniospinal XRT was received, if ≥ 50% of the pelvis was irradiated, or if TBI was received; ≥ 6 weeks must have elapsed if other substantial bone marrow irradiation was given * No evidence of active graft-vs-host disease and ≥ 2 months must have elapsed since transplant (stem cell transplant or rescue without total-body irradiation) * For patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) only: ≥ 3 weeks from prior radioiodine (RAI) treatment * Patients requiring corticosteroids that have not been on a stable or decreasing dose of corticosteroid for 7 days prior to enrollment are not eligible * Patients who are currently receiving another investigational drug are not eligible * Patients who are currently receiving other anti-cancer agents are not eligible * Patients who are receiving cyclosporine, tacrolimus or other agents to prevent either graft-versus-host disease post bone marrow transplant or organ rejection post transplant are not eligible for this trial * Patients who take cytochrome P450 enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, or phenobarbital), rifampin, grapefruit juice, or St. Johns wort will not be eligible for the trial * Patients who have received prior treatment with sorafenib are not eligible * Patients must not be on therapeutic anti-coagulation; * Prophylactic anticoagulation (i.e., low-dose warfarin) of venous or arterial devices is allowed provided that the requirements for prothrombin time(PT), partial thromboplastin time(PTT), and international normalized ratio(INR) are met
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Objective Response by RECIST Criteria v 1.1 | 6 cycles (168 days) | Response rates will be calculated as the number of evaluable patients who are responders. Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria: Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions, Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD, Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started and Progressive Disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Progression-free Survival According to RECIST Version 1.1 | Six months after enrollment | Percent probability of being progression free six months following enrollment. Progression-free interval (PFI) will be calculated as the date of enrollment until the end PFI date, where that date is calculated as the date of disease progression, date of death, date of removal of all tumors by surgery or last patient contact, whichever occurs first. |
| The Number of Patients Who Experience at Least One Grade 3 or Higher CTC Version 4 Toxicity, | six cycles of chemotherapy; expected to be 126 days of treatment | Each patient is classified as having experienced grade 3 or higher CTC version 4 toxicity if at any time during protocol therapy such an event is observed for the individual. |
| Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate | Prior to administration of Sorafenib (baseline), day 15, day 56, day 112 and day 168 | The trough sorafenib concentration is evaluated at baseline (prior to administration of Sorafenib) and 12 hours after administration of Sorafenib on day 15, day 56, day 112 and day 168 in micrograms/ml. |
| Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 | Prior to the administration of sorafenib (baseline) and day 15 of protocol therapy | Serum VEGF and VEGF receptor 2 Concentration is evaluated at baseline and at day 15 of protocol therapy in picograms/ml. |
| Presence of BRAF Mutation or RET/PTC Rearrangement | At baseline | Descriptive statistics including mean, median, standard deviation, and range will be calculated for baseline for patients with PTC, TG and TG antibody, and presence of BRAF mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement. |
Countries
Australia, Canada, United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Only Rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms Tumor patients are reported as there were no accruals on Hepatocellular carcinoma and no accruals on Thyroid carcinoma.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma Patients with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma receive sorafenib tosylate PO BID on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 24 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
sorafenib tosylate: Given PO dosage 200 mg/m2/dose (max dose:400 mg/dose) given every 12 hours on days 1-28
pharmacological study: Optional correlative studies
laboratory biomarker analysis: Optional correlative studies | 10 |
| Group 2 Relapsed/Refractory Wilms Tumor Patients with relapsed or refractory Wilms tumor receive sorafenib tosylate PO BID on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 24 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
sorafenib tosylate: Given PO dosage 200 mg/m2/dose (max dose:400 mg/dose) given every 12 hours on days 1-28
pharmacological study: Optional correlative studies
laboratory biomarker analysis: Optional correlative studies | 10 |
| Group 3 Relapsed/Refractory Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with relapsed or refractory hepatocellular carcinoma receive sorafenib tosylate PO BID on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 24 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
sorafenib tosylate: Given PO dosage 200 mg/m2/dose (max dose:400 mg/dose) given every 12 hours on days 1-28
pharmacological study: Optional correlative studies
laboratory biomarker analysis: Optional correlative studies | 0 |
| Group 4 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients with relapsed or refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma receive sorafenib tosylate PO BID on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 24 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
sorafenib tosylate: Given PO dosage 200 mg/m2/dose (max dose:400 mg/dose) given every 12 hours on days 1-28
pharmacological study: Optional correlative studies
laboratory biomarker analysis: Optional correlative studies | 0 |
| Total | 20 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Lack of Efficacy | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Group 2 Relapsed/Refractory Wilms Tumor | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 7 Participants | 10 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 12 years | 10.5 years | 11 years |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants | 8 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 1 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 9 participants | 10 participants | 19 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 11 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 5 / 10 | 6 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 4 / 10 | 3 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Objective Response by RECIST Criteria v 1.1
Response rates will be calculated as the number of evaluable patients who are responders. Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria: Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions, Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD, Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started and Progressive Disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions.
Time frame: 6 cycles (168 days)
Population: Only Rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms Tumor patients are included in this analysis as there were no accruals on Hepatocellular carcinoma and no accruals on Thyroid carcinoma.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Objective Response by RECIST Criteria v 1.1 | Non-Responder | 10 participants |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Objective Response by RECIST Criteria v 1.1 | Responder | 0 participants |
| Group 2 Relapsed/Refractory Wilms Tumor | Objective Response by RECIST Criteria v 1.1 | Non-Responder | 10 participants |
| Group 2 Relapsed/Refractory Wilms Tumor | Objective Response by RECIST Criteria v 1.1 | Responder | 0 participants |
Secondary
Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2
Serum VEGF and VEGF receptor 2 Concentration is evaluated at baseline and at day 15 of protocol therapy in picograms/ml.
Time frame: Prior to the administration of sorafenib (baseline) and day 15 of protocol therapy
Population: Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 are the responses of the patient's organs to the drug. As such, these measures are unrelated to the particular disease with which the patient was diagnosed, and were combined for analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 | VEGF Baseline | 155.75 picograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 | VEGF Day 15 | 209.92 picograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 | VEGF-R2 Baseline | 9594.04 picograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 | VEG-R2 Day 15 | 7948.48 picograms/ml |
Secondary
Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate
The trough sorafenib concentration is evaluated at baseline (prior to administration of Sorafenib) and 12 hours after administration of Sorafenib on day 15, day 56, day 112 and day 168 in micrograms/ml.
Time frame: Prior to administration of Sorafenib (baseline), day 15, day 56, day 112 and day 168
Population: Baseline sample was available for only 9 participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate | Baseline | 0 micrograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate | Day 15 of protocol therapy | 6.51 micrograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate | Day 56 of protocol therapy | 6.99 micrograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate | Day 112 of protocol therapy | 4.10 micrograms/ml |
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of Sorafenib Tosylate | Day 168 of protocol therapy | 5.20 micrograms/ml |
Secondary
Presence of BRAF Mutation or RET/PTC Rearrangement
Descriptive statistics including mean, median, standard deviation, and range will be calculated for baseline for patients with PTC, TG and TG antibody, and presence of BRAF mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement.
Time frame: At baseline
Population: No patients were enrolled with PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma) so there are no patients who can contribute to this outcome measure.
Secondary
Progression-free Survival According to RECIST Version 1.1
Percent probability of being progression free six months following enrollment. Progression-free interval (PFI) will be calculated as the date of enrollment until the end PFI date, where that date is calculated as the date of disease progression, date of death, date of removal of all tumors by surgery or last patient contact, whichever occurs first.
Time frame: Six months after enrollment
Population: All eligible patients are included in this analysis for both Rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms Tumor. However, there were no accruals on the disease arms for Hepatocellular carcinoma and Papillary Thyroid carcinoma and were not included in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | Progression-free Survival According to RECIST Version 1.1 | 10 percentage of probability |
| Group 2 Relapsed/Refractory Wilms Tumor | Progression-free Survival According to RECIST Version 1.1 | 23 percentage of probability |
Secondary
The Number of Patients Who Experience at Least One Grade 3 or Higher CTC Version 4 Toxicity,
Each patient is classified as having experienced grade 3 or higher CTC version 4 toxicity if at any time during protocol therapy such an event is observed for the individual.
Time frame: six cycles of chemotherapy; expected to be 126 days of treatment
Population: All eligible patients diagnosed with Rhabdomyosarcoma or Wilms Tumor are combined in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Relapsed/Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma | The Number of Patients Who Experience at Least One Grade 3 or Higher CTC Version 4 Toxicity, | 14 Participants |