Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND)

Conditions

Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases

Keywords

bone density conservation agents, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cholecalciferol, diabetes mellitus, type 2, dietary supplements, primary prevention, vitamin D

Brief summary

The Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 5-year supplementation study of the benefits and risks of vitamin D in the primary prevention of cardiovascular (CVD) and cancer among 18000 men 60 years or older and women 65 years or older. \[Edit 25.3.2015: Due to difficulties in recruitment and funding, the study size is approximately 2500 subjects, with a 550 subject subgroup with more detailed examinations\] The participants will be randomized to 3 groups with 6000 in each, with daily supplementation of either: 1) 40 µg/day (1600 IU) of vitamin D3, 2) 80 µg/day (3200 IU) of vitamin D3, or 3) placebo. \[Edit 15.3.2015: The 2500 subjects are randomized in 3 groups, approximately 830 subjects per group.\] Compliance, use of non-study drugs or supplements, diet, development of endpoints, and CVD and cancer risk factors will be assessed by questionnaires. Blood samples will be collected for assessment of effect modification by baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as for future ancillary studies of genetic/biochemical hypotheses. Event data will be obtained by record linkage from the national computerized hospitalization registry.

Detailed description

More detailed description available upon request.

Rikkonen T, Hantunen S, Kröger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Tuppurainen M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK.

2026-09-07

10.1016/j.bone.2026.118081

The Effect of Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> Supplementation on the Risk of Falls in a General Population-The Finnish Vitamin D Trial.

Rikkonen T, Hantunen S, Kröger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Tuppurainen M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK.

2026-01-13

10.1111/jgs.70295

Vitamin D supplementation and incidence of major depressive disorder - A randomized clinical trial.

Ahl NM, Hantunen S, Tuomainen TP, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tolmunen T, Virtanen JK.

2025-12-30

10.1016/j.clnu.2025.106570

The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Incidence of Diagnosed Dementia Among Healthy Older Adults—The Finnish Vitamin D Trial

Eija Lönnroos, Maija PT Ylilauri, Christel Lamberg‐Allardt, Jo Ann E. Manson, Tarja Nurmi et al. (10 authors)

The Journals of Gerontology Series A2025-04-17

10.1093/gerona/glaf077

The effect of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in healthy older adults not at high risk for diabetes (FIND): a randomised controlled trial.

Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Kallio N, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Pihlajamäki J, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP.

2024-12-022 citations

10.1007/s00125-024-06336-9

The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on atrial fibrillation in generally healthy men and women: The Finnish Vitamin D Trial

Jyrki K. Virtanen, Sari Hantunen, Christel Lamberg‐Allardt, JoAnn E. Manson, Tarja Nurmi et al. (8 authors)

American Heart Journal2023-06-1011 citations

10.1016/j.ahj.2023.05.024

Interventions

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTVitamin D3

Vitamin D3 40 micrograms (1600 IU) per day

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTPlacebo

Inactive placebo

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

60 Years to No maximum

Healthy volunteers

Yes

Inclusion criteria

* Men 60 years or older * Women 65 years or older

Exclusion criteria

* Cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, angina pectoris, coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention). * Cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer). * Any disease or state that raises a vitamin D related safety concern (such as chronic liver, thyroid or kidney disease, hypercalcemia, sarcoidosis or other granulomatous diseases such as active chronic tuberculosis or Wegener's granulomatosis). * Use of supplements yielding vitamin D over 20 µg/day or calcium over 1200 mg/day and unwillingness to discontinue the use.

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Cardiovascular disease	5 years	CVD incidence in VitD arms vs. placebo arm.
Cancer	5 years	Cancer incidence in VitD arms vs.placebo arm

Countries

Finland

Outcome results

None listed