Epilepsy
Conditions
Keywords
epilepsy, anti-epileptic drug, polytherapy, adherence, Medicaid
Brief summary
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the main therapeutic option for patients with epilepsy; however, complete seizure control remains elusive for many patients. Uncontrolled or refractory epilepsy is associated with a higher risk of mortality, physical injuries, and depression or anxiety compared with patients with controlled epilepsy. Higher resource utilization for patients with poor control is likely to be associated with higher economic costs. While diagnostic criteria for uncontrolled epilepsy are debated by neurologists, recent studies suggest that a diagnosis of uncontrolled epilepsy requires 1.) at least one seizure per month and 2.) a history of drug failures. The objective of this study is to identify patients with uncontrolled epilepsy in both a Medicaid database and a private health plan database, to describe patient characteristics and AED treatment patterns between cohorts of patients with uncontrolled versus well-controlled epilepsy, and to evaluate the economic burden of uncontrolled versus well-controlled epilepsy. For this evaluation, the data sources are medical and pharmacy claims in Medicaid databases from Florida (Third quarter 1997 to second quarter 2008), Iowa (First quarter 1998 to second quarter 2006), Kansas (First quarter 2001 to second quarter 2009), Missouri (First quarter 1997 to second quarter 2008) and New Jersey (First quarter 1997 to fourth quarter 2008) and medical and pharmacy claims in an private health plan database. The study design is a retrospective, longitudinal, matched-cohort study. Eligible patient records will be assigned to one of three mutually-exclusive cohorts: uncontrolled epilepsy (at least 2 consecutive changes in AED therapy in at least 30 days, and at least 1 epilepsy-related inpatient or emergency department (ED) visit within 365 days), well-controlled epilepsy (no AED changes and no epilepsy-related inpatient or ED visits), and intermediate epilepsy (not classified as uncontrolled or well-controlled).
Interventions
Prescription claim for at least one AED including lamotrigine, tiagabine, pregabalin, ethosuximide, lacosamide, phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, felbamate, levetiracetam, zonisamide, primidone, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, phenobarbital, gabapentin, topiramate.
Sponsors
GlaxoSmithKline
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
RETROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* At least 18 years of age at the initiation of anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment as noted in the database * A record of at least one medical visit with a diagnosis of epilepsy (ICD-9-CM 345.xx) or at least two diagnoses of non-febrile convulsions (ICD-9-CM 780.30 or 780.39) occuring more than 30 days apart * At least one pharmacy claim for an anti-epileptic drug (AED) * Continuous enrollment throughout the observation period (minimum of 365 days). Patients with gaps in Medicaid enrollment will be observed only during their period of continuous enrollment, provided that all the above criteria are met
Exclusion criteria
* Age less than 18 years
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Average Annualized Costs | 1 year | Average annualized overall healthcare costs and epilepsy-related healthcare costs were calculated for each treatment group. Epilepsy-related costs were those with a code for epilepsy. ED, Emergency Department; AMC, All Medical Costs; Ep Rel, Epilepsy Related. United States dollars were consumer price index adjusted for 2009. |
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Medicaid, Well Controlled Database records for participants with an epilepsy diagnosis but no AED change and no epilepsy-related inpatient or ED visits | 3,454 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled Database records for participants with 2 or more consecutive changes in AED therapy occurring at least 30 days apart and followed by 1 or more epilepsy-related inpatient or ED visits within the next 365 days. This arm represents all participant records that met the criteria for uncontrolled epilepsy. Participants in the Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup (3454 participants) were matched with participant records in the Medicaid, well-controlled cohort. | 3,552 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate Database records for participants who are not classified as uncontrolled or well controlled | 3,552 |
| Private, Well Controlled Database records for participants with an epilepsy diagnosis but no AED change and no epilepsy-related inpatient or ED visits | 602 |
| Private, Uncontrolled Database records for participants with 2 or more consecutive changes in AED therapy occurring at least 30 days apart and followed by 1 or more epilepsy-related inpatient or ED visits within the next 365 days. This arm represents all participant records that met the criteria for uncontrolled epilepsy. Participants in the Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup (602 participants) were matched with participant records in the Medicaid, well-controlled cohort. | 613 |
| Private, Intermediate Database records for participants who are not classified as uncontrolled or well controlled | 613 |
| Total | 12,386 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Medicaid, Well Controlled | Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Medicaid, Intermediate | Private, Well Controlled | Private, Uncontrolled | Private, Intermediate | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Continuous Overall Study | 41.5 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.4 | 41.3 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.1 | 41.2 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.6 | 54.2 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.1 | 54.1 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.3 | 54.6 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.7 | 43.2 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.5 |
| Age Continuous Subgroup | NA Years | 41.4 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.2 | NA Years | NA Years | 54.0 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.4 | NA Years | 43.3 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.3 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) Scores Overall Study | 0.98 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.83 | 1.09 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.84 | 1.00 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.78 | 1.13 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.65 | 1.32 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.91 | 1.20 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.82 | 1.05 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.11 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) Scores Subgroup | NA scores on a scale | 1.08 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.83 | NA scores on a scale | NA scores on a scale | 1.29 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.88 | NA scores on a scale | 1.11 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.66 |
| Number of Days of Observation Overall Study | 2184 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 1181 | 2296 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 1132 | 2502 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 1124 | 1572 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 847 | 1478 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 749 | 1739 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 792 | 2221 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 385 |
| Number of Days of Observation Subgroup | NA days of observation | 2290 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 1133 | NA days of observation | NA days of observation | 1485 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 751 | NA days of observation | 2170.5 days of observation STANDARD_DEVIATION 402.5 |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Alzheimer's Disease, Overall Study | 94 participant records | 93 participant records | 84 participant records | 12 participant records | 20 participant records | 19 participant records | 322 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Alzheimer's Disease Subgroup | NA participant records | 93 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 20 participant records | NA participant records | 113 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Anxiety Disorders, Overall Study | 356 participant records | 447 participant records | 440 participant records | 32 participant records | 41 participant records | 28 participant records | 1344 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Anxiety Disorders, Subgroup | NA participant records | 410 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 38 participant records | NA participant records | 448 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Bipolar Disorder, Overall Study | 428 participant records | 439 participant records | 472 participant records | 22 participant records | 18 participant records | 15 participant records | 1394 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Bipolar Disorder, Subgroup | NA participant records | 397 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 17 participant records | NA participant records | 414 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Brain Tumor, Overall Study | 53 participant records | 63 participant records | 40 participant records | 38 participant records | 50 participant records | 43 participant records | 287 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Brain Tumor, Subgroup | NA participant records | 62 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 44 participant records | NA participant records | 106 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Depression, Overall Study | 821 participant records | 890 participant records | 897 participant records | 90 participant records | 95 participant records | 102 participant records | 2895 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Depression, Subgroup | NA participant records | 833 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 90 participant records | NA participant records | 923 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Meningitis, Overall Study | 12 participant records | 16 participant records | 13 participant records | 11 participant records | 10 participant records | 6 participant records | 68 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Meningitis, Subgroup | NA participant records | 15 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 9 participant records | NA participant records | 24 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Mental Retardation, Overall Study | 482 participant records | 322 participant records | 434 participant records | 5 participant records | 11 participant records | 8 participant records | 1262 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Mental Retardation, Subgroup | NA participant records | 312 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 11 participant records | NA participant records | 323 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Migraine, Overall Study | 198 participant records | 262 participant records | 262 participant records | 41 participant records | 42 participant records | 35 participant records | 840 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Migraine, Subgroup | NA participant records | 239 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 41 participant records | NA participant records | 280 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Personality Disorder, Overall Study | 951 participant records | 1062 participant records | 1024 participant records | 51 participant records | 68 participant records | 58 participant records | 3214 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Personality Disorder, Subgroup | NA participant records | 1001 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 67 participant records | NA participant records | 1068 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Psychosis, Overall Study | 809 participant records | 794 participant records | 816 participant records | 62 participant records | 65 participant records | 65 participant records | 2611 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Psychosis, Subgroup | NA participant records | 754 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 65 participant records | NA participant records | 819 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Stroke, Overall Study | 267 participant records | 303 participant records | 264 participant records | 123 participant records | 134 participant records | 154 participant records | 1245 participant records |
| Number of participant records with diagnosis codes for the indicated diseases or disorders Stroke, Subgroup | NA participant records | 302 participant records | NA participant records | NA participant records | 128 participant records | NA participant records | 430 participant records |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female, Overall Study | 2106 Participants | 2171 Participants | 2159 Participants | 341 Participants | 351 Participants | 332 Participants | 7460 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female, Subgroup | NA Participants | 2091 Participants | NA Participants | NA Participants | 345 Participants | NA Participants | 2436 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male, Overall Study | 1348 Participants | 1381 Participants | 1393 Participants | 261 Participants | 262 Participants | 281 Participants | 4926 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male, Subgroup | NA Participants | 345 Participants | NA Participants | NA Participants | 257 Participants | NA Participants | 602 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk | EG006 affected / at risk | EG007 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Average Annualized Costs
Average annualized overall healthcare costs and epilepsy-related healthcare costs were calculated for each treatment group. Epilepsy-related costs were those with a code for epilepsy. ED, Emergency Department; AMC, All Medical Costs; Ep Rel, Epilepsy Related. United States dollars were consumer price index adjusted for 2009.
Time frame: 1 year
Population: For Arms 1 - 4, Medicaid-enrolled participants with uncontrolled epilepsy (see Arm Descriptions for Arm Title 1 and Arm Title 3) or matched participants with well-controlled or intermediate epilepsy. For Arms 5 - 8, privately-insured participants with uncontrolled epilepsy or matched participants with well-controlled or intermediate epilepsy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 1502 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 14424 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 467 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 2218 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | 4102 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 19775 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 60 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 712 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 1352 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4580 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 6902 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 31181 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 2416 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 11759 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 38708 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 114904 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | 109 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 610 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 86 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 850 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 5615 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 15730 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 22022 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 106033 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 400 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1496 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 23202 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 103595 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 21 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 425 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 29635 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 105644 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 754 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 10724 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 3657 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 11702 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 9 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 143 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 958 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 9518 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 68 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 490 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | NA United States dollars | — |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 97 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 731 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 462 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 2072 |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | NA United States dollars | — |
| Medicaid, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 1258 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 9953 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 5725 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 16016 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 22113 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 107291 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 421 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1661 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 2466 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 11829 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 1475 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 14265 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | 4135 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 19915 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 1357 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4590 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 7041 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 31499 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 469 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 2239 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 39123 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 116204 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 59 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 703 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | 111 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 616 |
| Medicaid, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 86 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 839 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 4801 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 15357 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 1050 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4297 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 3513 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 22265 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 242 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1371 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 1804 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 11649 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 52 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 666 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 23428 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 119218 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | 1702 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 13344 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | 46 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 540 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 248 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1660 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 33 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 472 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 1273 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 14072 |
| Medicaid, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 34839 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 123866 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 24853 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 81299 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 586 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4392 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 11308 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 62399 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | 152 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 972 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 5757 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 24888 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 556 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4306 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 103 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 752 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 235 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1797 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 1008 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 5428 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 4497 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 11374 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | 6700 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 48095 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 1697 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 3979 |
| Private, Uncontrolled, Subgroup | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 703 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 3072 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 3061 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 13353 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 436 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4444 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 76 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 804 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | NA United States dollars | — |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | NA United States dollars | — |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 1697 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 12292 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 179 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1042 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 3096 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 10692 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 9005 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 28038 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 68 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 577 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 17 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 204 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 639 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 2248 |
| Private, Well Controlled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 175 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1593 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 702 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 3082 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 1713 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 3989 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 26057 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 100777 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 102 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 746 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 1026 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 5472 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 12357 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 84898 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 603 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4422 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | 153 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 968 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 566 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4352 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 237 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1845 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 5771 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 24883 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 4587 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 11972 |
| Private, Uncontrolled | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | 7646 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 70525 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; Ep Rel | 2413 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 23487 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; Ep Rel | 479 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 6624 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Services; AMC | 645 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 3910 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; Ep Rel | 165 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 1670 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Neurology Visits; AMC | 442 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 4263 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | AEDs | 1299 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 3949 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; AMC | 254 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 2898 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Total Healthcare Costs; AMC | 17719 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 69241 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Other Healthcare Costs; Ep Rel | 42 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 472 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | ED Visits; Ep Rel | 39 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 635 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Outpatient Visits; AMC | 5780 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 37154 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Hospitalizations; AMC | 5858 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 37310 |
| Private, Intermediate | Average Annualized Costs | Non-AEDs | 3883 United States dollars | Standard Deviation 9436 |
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [786, 921]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [1636, 2112]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [5257, 6077]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [251, 295]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [819, 1211]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [48, 72]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.00895% CI: [834, 4281]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [3776, 4305]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [97, 114]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [358, 413]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [40, 56]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [584, 1192]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [10482, 14083]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [245, 398]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [556, 1078]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [2790, 3714]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [138, 190]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [409, 819]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [18, 42]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.762895% CI: [-1367, 1798]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [2016, 2603]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [52, 74]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [179, 245]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [15, 33]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.058195% CI: [-19, 581]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [3672, 7142]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [836, 1191]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [564, 1486]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [7346, 11125]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [326, 622]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [1587, 3290]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [225, 525]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [234, 768]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [5329, 7927]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [112, 199]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [401, 645]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [97, 231]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [58, 113]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [12019, 17097]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [210, 630]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [217, 1131]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [3442, 8795]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.00295% CI: [81, 425]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.96795% CI: [-991, 944]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.256395% CI: [-77, 302]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.0195% CI: [90, 588]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [3168, 7335]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [70, 166]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.0195% CI: [70, 403]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: 0.106195% CI: [-22, 145]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [28, 93]Ordinary Least Squares Regression
p-value: <0.000195% CI: [4571, 10989]Ordinary Least Squares Regression