Autologous Platelets Concentrate and Autologous Thrombin for the Treatment of Deep Burn Trauma

Burns

Deep Burn Trauma, Dermo-Epidermal Graft, Platelet Rich Plasma Concentrate (PRP), Vancouver Scar Score, Scarring, Hypertrophic Scarring

Deep skin burn injuries, especially extensive deep burns or/and deep burns extending on the face, hands, feet, genitalia and perineum, remain one of the most challenging therapeutic problems. Surgical excision of the necrotic burned tissue with subsequent skin grafting of the affected area has become the golden standard for the treatment of deep partial thickness and full thickness skin burns and represents the treatment of choice. Despite of all the progress achieved in the treatment process (artificial skin, cultured keratinocytes), the therapeutic results are sometimes unacceptable due to functional and cosmetic deficits causing severe psychological and emotional distress, particularly in the form of disfiguring and disabling scarring - i.e. hypertrophic scars, joint contractures restricted movement, peripheral neuropathy, psychiatric and physiological diseases, as well as thermoregulation disorders. Consequently, the quality of life is markedly decreased. That is why new methods of burn wounds covering are intensively searched. Based upon the results of available pre-clinical studies, the local use of autologous platelet concentrate with their active growth factors appears to be a good and promising possibility how to improve faster and higher quality of healing deep skin burn wounds.

Deep skin burn injuries(i.e. third-degree and deep second-degree burns), especially extensive deep burns or /and deep burns extend on the face, hand, feet, genitalia and perineum remain one the most challenging problem for modern medicine because of its difficult, complicated and long clinical course and recovery. Extensive deep burn injury is, in despite of all progress in treatment, ordinarily associated with shock, infection, MODS, electrolyte imbalance, respiratory distress,… with high morbidity and mortality rate. Regardless of the extent,burns are likewise very painful with necessity to treat pain in the majority of patient, comprehensive treatment and wound management of deep burns often demand confinement to bed, splinting, special positioning - patients are some point of time unable care of themselves and restrict in their habitual life pattern. Despite of all the progress achieved in the treatment process, therapeutic results sometimes are unacceptable due to functional and cosmetic deficits causing severe psychological and emotional distress, particularly due to scarring and physical deformity - i.e. hypertrophic scars, joint contractures, peripheral neuropathy, psychiatric and psychological diseases, as well as thermoregulation disorders. Consequently the quality of life may be markedly decreased. That is why the new methods of burn wounds covering are intensively searched. Based upon the results of available pre-clinical studies, the local use of autologous platelet concentrate with their active growth factors appears to be a good possibility how to improve faster and higher quality of healing deep skin burn wounds. To achieve the best possible therapeutic results the accurate diagnosis of depth of skin destruction and depending on that the accurate choice of treatment strategy is fundamental. The standard method for the determination of burn depth is clinical examination. Presence of the eschar, i.e. evidently devitalised tissue, means necessity of surgical treatment and the clinical diagnosis is obvious. The accurate clinical assessment of the deep dermal burns,which may sometimes healing spontaneously until 21 days without surgical treatment, is in most of cases complicated and controversial. If the healing until 21 days is not complete or the possibility of spontaneous healing is improbable, the surgical treatment is indicated. In these controversial cases the dominant role plays above all clinical experiences and diagnostic capabilities of examining burn´s surgeon. Indication of surgical treatment here directly depends on human factor and is related with the risk of incorrect decision. Despite of the fact that there is no generally accepted physical diagnostic method to detect the depth of burns, there are some objective methods how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and their using in parallel with clinical observations is desirable. In our Burn centre the investigators use the laser Doppler method to determine the depth of burns by means of apparatus LDPI PIM III (Perimed Co, Jarfalla,Sweden). This device detects skin perfusion and its changes in the course of time. Third degree burns have a very low levels of skin perfusion and in course of time there is no increase of perfusion units on measured areas. Deep second degree burns with presumption of spontaneous healing within 14 - 21 days show continued increase of perfusion units from the second to ninth day post-injury. Deep second degree burns with healing time longer than 21 days show minimal or no increase of perfusion units from second to eleventh post-injury day. Current treatment of deep burns consists of surgical excision of necrotic tissue followed by dermoepidermal skin autografting. Central role of platelets in haemostatic and thrombotic process is well known. This is due to many clotting and growth factors stored in platelet granules. The successful use of the autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP), i.e. Autologous Platelet Concentrate (APC) to improve healing has been recently tested in limited in vivo and lately in a few clinical trial as well, however no published study to our knowledge has tested APC for the treatment of deep skin burns in humans. Based on data from published literature and our limited clinical experience with the use of APC to treat severe skin ulcerations, the investigators would like to use this knew experimental treatment in our patient population suffering from deep skin burns. 1. third-degree burns, i.e. full thickness burns involve all the layers of skin. 2. fourth-degree burns - when muscle, bone and blood vessels also be injured. 2/ deep second-degree burns, i.e. burns involved damage of the epidermis and deep part of the dermis layer of skin. Deep second-degree burns can sometimes heal spontaneously, however in cases when the investigators supposed the healing takes longer than three weeks, the investigators indicate surgical treatment for optimal functional and cosmetic results. Surgical excision of devitalised burned tissue with subsequent skin grafting on the basis of longtime clinical experiences has become the golder standard for the treatment of deep partial thickness and full thickness skin burns in generally and represents the treatment of choice in our Burn center.In order to achieve the best therapeutic results,i.e. un-complicated,quick and high quality healing, the new methods of burn wounds covering are intensively searched. One of many possibilities is topical transplantation of APC, successfully used in many surgical fields about twenty years, but still widely uncertified in clinical practice of burn´s medicine. A concentrate of autologous thrombocytes - Autologous Platelet Concentrate (APC) is applied locally in the area of autotransplanted surfaces. The applied growth factors initiate chemotaxis, proliferation, angiogenesis, proteosynthesis, reparation and remodeling of the impaired tissue (najít citaci). The elevated concentration of growth factors in the area of the lesion will significantly speed up the process of reparation and regeneration - the inflammatory phase is reduced, leukocytes and their cytokines, as well as interleukins are present only in normal, non-elevated concentrations (uvést odkaz). The damaged tissue heals with markedly reduced swelling and the pain is also unambiguously(jednoznačně) reduced which is in virtue of less nociceptive afferentation. The antioedematous effect seems to be the result of an earlier angiogenesis, weak antiendothelial bounds with elevated permeability of proteins and erythrocytes into extracellular space are quickly replaced with adequate endothelial layer, due to the proliferation of endothelium. The healing process is completed with a remodeling of the scar, together with an anticipated reduction of hypertrophic scarring.

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