Comparing Liquid Versus Solid Forms of Sugars and Whey Protein

Effect of Drinking Liquid Compared to Eating Solid Treatment of Sugars or Whey Protein on Short-term Appetite and Food Intake

Status

Completed

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT01348685

Enrollment

Registered

2011-05-05

Start date

2007-01-31

Completion date

2009-03-31

Last updated

2011-05-05

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Diabetes, Obesity

Brief summary

To compare the effect of eating solid vs. drinking liquid forms of gelatin, sucrose and its component mixtures and whey protein on subjective appetite and food intake in young men.

Detailed description

Three randomized cross-over design experiments were used to compare the effect of solid and liquid forms of gelatin (6 g) in experiment 1, sucrose (75 g) and a mixture of 50% glucose/ 50% fructose (G50:F50) in experiment 2, and acid and sweet whey protein (50 g) in experiment 3 on healthy normal weight males . The controls were water (experiment 1 and 3) and calorie-free sweetened water with gelatin (sweet gelatin, experiment 1) or without gelatin (sweet control, experiment 2). Subjective average appetite was measured by visual analogue scales frequently over 1 h and ad libitum food intake was measured 1 h after the treatment consumptions.

Interventions

OTHERCompare the effect of solid vs. liquid forms of sugars on satiety and food intake

OTHERthe effect of solid vs. liquid forms of gelatin on appetite and food intake

OTHERThe effect of solid vs. liquid forms of whey protein on food intake

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

CROSSOVER

Primary purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

SINGLE (Subject)

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

MALE

Age

19 Years to 28 Years

Healthy volunteers

Yes

Inclusion criteria

* Healthy lean males with BMI between 18- 24.9 kg/m2 and an age range of 19 to 28 years were recruited for the three experiments.

Exclusion criteria

* Diabetics (fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L), smokers, breakfast skippers or dieters were excluded from the experiments. Individuals under medications or with a history of liver or kidney disease and major medical or surgical event within the last six months were excluded.

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame
subjective appetite and short term food intake	60 min

Countries

Canada

Outcome results

None listed

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov · Data processed: Feb 4, 2026