Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Conditions
Keywords
SCCHN, untreated, Stage III or IVa-b (M0)
Brief summary
The purpose of this study was to identify which cancer-related genes are turned on or turned off in order to determine how well a patient will respond to the study drug, panitumumab. Panitumumab was added to standard adjuvant or primary radiation therapy. There were subjects that receive surgery followed by therapy and subjects that receive radiation therapy without surgery. Subjects entering this study had locally advanced disease that can be treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy. Fresh frozen tumor tissue were available for genomics analysis prior to initiating panitumumab therapy. If fresh frozen tissue was not available at time of consent, a biopsy was required to participate in this trial.
Detailed description
The trial was initiated to identify a gene expression signature profile biomarker for panitumumab sensitivity in locally advanced, untreated SCCHN. SCCHN expresses or over expresses EGFR in \>90% of tumors. Panitumumab is a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expressing previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. It competes with endogenous ligands such as epidermal growth factor and tumor growth factor-α and blocks stimulation of the EGFR. Preclinical experiments have shown that panitumumab has both direct anti-tumor activity and can activate a cellular immune response to SCCHN.This study provides the opportunity to better define the population of patients that would benefit from EGFR inhibition in SCCHN. Patients received single agent panitumumab in a window of opportunity design prior to definitive surgical or radiation therapy. The decision to treat primarily with either surgery or Radiation Therapy (RT) based therapy was based on best medical practice by the treating physician per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines at www.nccn.org. Response to panitumumab monotherapy before surgery or radiation was evaluated as a continuous variable, and a median split of patients will be used to develop a signature of drug responsiveness. An Affymetrix chip based gene signature model was then developed by analyzing gene expression in panitumumab sensitive versus resistant tumors. Identification of a gene expression profile for tumor sensitivity allowed for prospective trials treating patient populations enriched for likelihood of clinical benefit from panitumumab therapy. It is also possible that a gene signature profile for panitumumab responsiveness identified in SCCHN could be used as a biomarker in other epithelial cancers. Tumor response as measured by percentage decrease in PET scan standardized uptake value (SUV) level or objective evidence of tumor response (by CT scan or direct measurement) was the basis for examining the activity of panitumumab by means of identifying a gene expression signature that predicted response in this patient population. Therefore, PET scan SUV levels was assessed at baseline prior to any treatment. If a baseline PET/CT was obtained and a lesion identified with SUV level ≥6, an additional pre-treatment research PET/CT was performed after consent (prior to dose #1 panitumumab. A second research PET/CT was also obtained after the first dose of panitumumab as part of this research study. If no baseline PET/CT had been obtained, a research PET was obtained pre-treatment; if SUV level ≥6 an additional research PET was obtained after the first dose of panitumumab. All subjects underwent imaging, biopsy and a single dose of panitumumab 9mg/kg IV. Two to three weeks after panitumumab, imaging was repeated and a second biopsy was obtained (at surgery for surgery patients) and an optional biopsy for patients receiving RT. Subjects received 2 additional doses of panitumumab during their standard therapy.
Interventions
DRUGPanitumumab
Single dose Panitumumab 9mg/kg IV (in the vein) prior to definitive therapy (surgery or radiation therapy). Two additional doses of panitumumab 9mg/kg IV may be given at weeks 1 & 4 of RT alone or weeks 1 & 4 of cisplatin/RT if they tolerated first dose of panitumumab.
PROCEDURESurgery
Second biopsy was taken from surgical resection tissue (when possible obtained pre and post panitumumab biopsies from the same site).
PROCEDURERadiation Therapy
Radiation therapy was initiated within 8 weeks after surgery, or as soon as possible.
Sponsors
Amgen
Neal Ready
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Untreated, suspected or histologically documented locally advanced clinical stage III or IVa-b(M0)SCCHN, no evidence of distant metastases. Prior surgery with diagnosis of SCCHN acceptable 2. Candidate for definitive surgery or radiation based therapy. 3. Fresh frozen tumor tissue must be available for genomic analysis and must pass RNA Quality Control prior to research PET/CT #1 and/or initiating panitumumab 4. Measurable or evaluable disease 5. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0-1 6. ≥18 years of age 7. Adequate organ function 1. neutrophil count (ANC or AGC) ≥1.5 x 109/L 2. Platelet count ≥75 x 109/L 3. Hemoglobin ≥9.0 g/dL 4. Creatinine ≤1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN) 5. Hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT)≤2.5x ULN, Total Bilirubin \<1.5x ULN 6. Magnesium ≥ Lower limit of Normal (LLN) 8. Negative serum pregnancy test ≤7 days before starting panitumumab (for women of childbearing potential only) 9. Competent to comprehend, sign, and date a written informed consent form 10. Sexually active males & females of reproductive potential must agree to use adequate method of contraception during treatment & for 6 months after study drug stopped
Exclusion criteria
1. History of other malignancy within past 2 years, except: 1. Malignancy treated with curative intent and with no known active disease 2. Adequately treated non-melanomatous skin cancer or lentigo maligna with no evidence of disease 3. Adequately treated cervical carcinoma in situ with no evidence of disease 4. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with no evidence of prostate cancer 2. Primary tumor of the nasopharynx (nasopharyngeal cancer), sinuses, salivary gland, or skin. (Squamous cell carcinoma arising in/near nasopharynx is eligible) 3. Prior radiotherapy in planned field if it prevents standard radiotherapy dose and field 4. Prior radiation for head & neck cancer 5. Prior anti-EGFR antibody therapy (e.g., cetuximab) or treatment with small molecule EGFR inhibitors (e.g., gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib) 6. Prior anti-cancer treatment with: chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, experimental or approved proteins/antibodies within the past 5 years. 7. Prior systemic chemotherapy for study cancer 8. Investigational agent or therapy ≤30 days before enrollment and/or have not recovered from such side effects 9. Continued chronic use of immunosuppressive agents during the clinical trial period (e.g., methotrexate and cyclosporine), corticosteroids are allowed 10. Clinically significant cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, symptomatic congestive heart failure, serious uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia) ≤6 months before enrollment 11. History of interstitial lung disease e.g., pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis or evidence of interstitial lung disease on baseline chest CT scan. Patients with CT scan findings consistent with lung scarring from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or previous infection are eligible 12. History of any medical or psychiatric condition or laboratory abnormality that in the opinion of the investigator may increase the risk associated with the study participation or investigational product(s) administration or may interfere with the interpretation of the results 13. Unwilling or unable to comply with study requirements 14. Pregnant or breast feeding, or planning to become pregnant within 6 months after the end of treatment 15. Known positive test(s) for HIV infection 16. Major surgery within 2 weeks of enrollment. Staging endoscopy with biopsy/tonsillectomy for head & neck cancer, tracheostomy, and/or gastrostomy tube placement eligible one day after procedure. May consent to tissue collection biopsy pre-endoscopy/minor surgery and then begin protocol therapy one day after procedure. 17. Known allergy/hypersensitivity to any component of the study treatment(s) 18. Infection requiring intravenous antibiotics for any uncontrolled infection ≤14 days prior to enrollment 19. Subjects on anticoagulant therapy. Aspirin and other anti-platelet agents will not be defined as anticoagulant therapy for this study
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Tumor (Primary Tumor and Lymph Node) Response and Progression Between Pre- and Post- Panitumumab Therapy | Baseline to 2 years | The aim of this outcome measure was to identify a gene expression signature that predicts response to panitumumab in untreated locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head / neck (SCCHN). Response and progression were evaluated using the largest percentage change among the cases: 1) Pre-panitumumab PET scan activity, and/or; 2) Pre-panitumumab radiologic measurement compared to post-panitumumab measurement and/or; 3) Pre-panitumumab direct measurement of tumor / lymph node compared to post-panitumumab direct measurement of tumor / lymph node. Response and progression were evaluated in this single study using the criteria changes in only the largest diameter (unidimensional measurement) of the tumor lesions were defined in the same manner as in RECIST 1.1. No results are reported as only 2 of the 6 subjects had fresh tissue collected after the first dose of panitumumab. The study was amended to remove the biopsy procedure due to the potential risk for the participants. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Nine (9) Month Progression Free Survival (PFS) | 9 months | Nine month progression-free survival (PFS) was defined from the time from enrollment to the first date of disease progression or death as a result of any cause. Progression was defined in the same manner as in RECIST 1.1: At least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions and an absolute increase of at least 5mm (the appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered progression). Time was censored at the date of the last follow-up visit for subjects who were still alive and have not progressed. The 9 month PFS rate is a percentage, representing the fraction of treated subjects who, after 9 months, are disease free or alive. |
| Nine (9) Month Overall Survival (OS) | 9 months | Overall survival (OS) was defined as from the time of enrollment to the date of death resulting from any cause. Time as censored at the date of the last follow-up visit for subjects who were still alive. The 9-month OS rate is a percentage, representing the fraction of treated subjects who, after 9 months, are alive. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
All patients had successful genomic screening and RNA extraction/quality control.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Radiation Therapy Patients who underwent radiation therapy only, in conjunction with panitumumab therapy | 5 |
| Surgery Patients who underwent surgery after research PET/CT scans and subsequent radiation therapy with panitumumab administration | 1 |
| Total | 6 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Radiation Therapy | Surgery | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 64.60 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.66 | 69 years | 65.33 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.22 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 5 / 5 | 1 / 1 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Tumor (Primary Tumor and Lymph Node) Response and Progression Between Pre- and Post- Panitumumab Therapy
The aim of this outcome measure was to identify a gene expression signature that predicts response to panitumumab in untreated locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head / neck (SCCHN). Response and progression were evaluated using the largest percentage change among the cases: 1) Pre-panitumumab PET scan activity, and/or; 2) Pre-panitumumab radiologic measurement compared to post-panitumumab measurement and/or; 3) Pre-panitumumab direct measurement of tumor / lymph node compared to post-panitumumab direct measurement of tumor / lymph node. Response and progression were evaluated in this single study using the criteria changes in only the largest diameter (unidimensional measurement) of the tumor lesions were defined in the same manner as in RECIST 1.1. No results are reported as only 2 of the 6 subjects had fresh tissue collected after the first dose of panitumumab. The study was amended to remove the biopsy procedure due to the potential risk for the participants.
Time frame: Baseline to 2 years
Population: No results will be reported for the primary outcome measure as only 2 of the 6 subjects had tissue collected after the first dose of panitumumab due to safety risk to the subject.
Secondary
Nine (9) Month Overall Survival (OS)
Overall survival (OS) was defined as from the time of enrollment to the date of death resulting from any cause. Time as censored at the date of the last follow-up visit for subjects who were still alive. The 9-month OS rate is a percentage, representing the fraction of treated subjects who, after 9 months, are alive.
Time frame: 9 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Nine (9) Month Overall Survival (OS) | 80 percentage of treated patients surviving |
Secondary
Nine (9) Month Progression Free Survival (PFS)
Nine month progression-free survival (PFS) was defined from the time from enrollment to the first date of disease progression or death as a result of any cause. Progression was defined in the same manner as in RECIST 1.1: At least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions and an absolute increase of at least 5mm (the appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered progression). Time was censored at the date of the last follow-up visit for subjects who were still alive and have not progressed. The 9 month PFS rate is a percentage, representing the fraction of treated subjects who, after 9 months, are disease free or alive.
Time frame: 9 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Nine (9) Month Progression Free Survival (PFS) | 60 percentage of treated patients |