Suicide
Conditions
Keywords
Suicide Intervention, Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST), Resilience Retreat, First Nations, Suicide Intervention and Response Inventory (SIRI)
Brief summary
Primary Hypothesis: Participants in the Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) gatekeeper training will be significantly more likely to have increased knowledge and preparedness to help people with suicidal ideation than participants who receive the resilience retreat. Secondary Hypotheses: 1. Participants in ASIST gatekeeper training will not have higher levels of post-intervention distress or suicidal ideation compared to the resilience retreat. 2. High levels of distress, grief, and alcohol abuse will significantly impact on the learning and retention of suicide intervention skills.
Detailed description
Inclusion criterion: All members of the Swampy Cree Tribal communities who are currently residing on the reserves will be eligible to participate in the study. Exclusion criterion: Exclusion criteria for the study include being less than 16 years of age, prior training in SafeTALK or ASIST, being an elected official in a First Nations community, and inability to read or write. Primary outcome: Skills in Suicide Intervention: Suicide Intervention Response Inventory.The Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI) will be used to detect enhancement of intervention skills in participants. The SIRI is a self-administered test that was designed to measure competence in choosing appropriate response to a series of clinical scenarios with suicidal individuals. Research on the SIRI has shown its good psychometric properties, freedom from social desirability effects, and responsiveness to training in suicide prevention. It contains 25 items, each of which consists of a client remark and two helper responses. Responses are judged based on response options made by highly expert suicidologists. The SIRI has shown good internal consistency with alpha of 0.834, and good test-retest reliability. Secondary Outcomes: * Knowledge about suicide, attitudes toward suicide, and self-reported preparedness to intervene with suicidal behavior will be measured by a series of questions that were developed by LivingWorks Inc. * Gatekeeper behaviors will be measured similar to questions utilized by Wyman in the school-based study that assess how many people had the person asked others about suicide.
Interventions
Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) is a 2-day, 14 hour suicide intervention skills training workshop.
BEHAVIORALResilience Retreat
The Resilience Retreat is a 2-day, 14 hour session
Sponsors
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
University of Manitoba
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
16 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* All members of the Swampy Cree Tribal communities who are currently residing on the reserves will be eligible to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria
* being less than 16 years of age * prior training in SafeTALK or ASIST * being an elected official in a First Nations community
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| SIRI Questionnaire Score | pre-training, post-training and 6 mo follow up | The Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI-2) will be used to detect enhancement of intervention skills in participants. The 25-item SIRI-2 is a self-administered test that was designed to measure competnce in choosing appropriate response to a series of clinical scenarios with suicidal individuals. Research on the SIRI-2 has shown its good psychometric properties, freedom from social desirabiity effects and responsiveness to training in suicide prevention. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up | Measures the level of ability that the individual believes they have in helping a suicidal person based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all skilled) to 4 (very skilled). |
| Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up | Measures the level of knowledge about suicide that the individual believes they have based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all knowledgeable) to 4 (very knowledgeable). |
| Self-perceived Preparedness | pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up | Measures the level of preparedness of the individual to help someone who is suicidal based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all prepared) to 4 (very prepared). |
| Self-reported Distress | pre-training and 6 month follow-up | Measures the level of distress in the participant using the K6 distress scale. The scale is comprised of six questions which are scored from 0 (none of the time) to 4 (all of the time). The sum of the scores from all six questions was used to determine a total scale score which ranges from 0 (not at all distressed) to 24 (very distressed). |
| Self-reported Alcohol Use | pre-training and 6 month follow-up | Details participants' level of alcohol consumption and if it may be harmful according to the AUDIT. The AUDIT scale is comprised of ten questions with most questions being scored from 0 (never) to 4 (4 or more times per week). The sum of the scores from all ten questions was used to determine a total scale score which ranges from 0 (no risk related to alcohol) to 40 (high risk related to alcohol). Total scores of 8 or more are recommended as indicators of hazardous and harmful alcohol use, as well as possible alcohol dependence. |
| Self-reported Resiliency Score | pre-training and 6 month follow-up | Assesses resiliency in the participant according to the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, 10-item. The CD-RISC 10 is comprised of ten questions scored from 0 (Not at all true) to 4 (True nearly all of the time). The sum of the scores from all ten questions was used to determine a total scale score which ranges from 0 (low resiliency) to 40 (highly resilient). |
| Lifetime Suicidal Ideation at Baseline | July 19-20, 2010 | Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide in their lifetime as measured at baseline |
| Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up | Meaures the level of confidence that the individual believes they have in helping a suicidal person based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all confident) to 4 (very confident). |
| Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days at Baseline | July 19-20, 2010 | Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide in the past 2 days as measured at baseline (not at all vs a little to a lot) |
| Number of People With Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days Immediately Post Training | July 22-23, 2010 | Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide in the past 2 days as measured immediately post training (not at all vs a little to a lot) |
| Suicidal Ideation Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | January 28-31, 2011 | Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide since the training as measured at 6 month follow-up (not at all vs a little to a lot) |
| Attempted Suicide Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | January 28-31, 2011 | Number of people who endorsed having made a suicide attempt since the training as measured at 6 month follow-up |
| Gatekeeper Behaviors - Asked Person at Risk About Suicidal Thoughts | January 28-31, 2011 | Number of participants who have asked someone that they thought was at risk about suicidal thoughts since the training, measured at 6 month follow-up assessment. |
| Gatekeeper Behaviours - Did Not Ask Person at Risk | January 28-31, 2011 | Number of participants who did not ask someone about their suicidal thoughts even though they thought they were at risk, measured at 6 month follow-up assessment based on time since training. |
| Lifetime Suicide Attempt at Baseline | July 19-20, 2010 | Number of people who endorsed having made a suicide attempt in their lifetime as measured at baseline |
Countries
Canada
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Various methods of advertising for volunteers was used (i.e., radio advertisements, newsletters, posters). Community activities were organized by community representatives in an effort to recruit individuals to participate in the study (i.e., through a bingo night, barbecue, etc.) between May 2010 and May 2011.
Pre-assignment details
From all eligible applications, we selected participants using a random number generator based on receipt of application until we had six adolescents, four adults, and two elders in each community who met criteria for participation in the study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) is a 2-day, 14 hour suicide intervention skills training workshop. ASIST is an intensive, interactive and practice-dominated course aimed at enabling people to recognize risk and learn how to intervene immediately to prevent suicide. The training is designed for anyone (especially those in a position of trust), from professionals and volunteers to members of the community. Participants range from those in caring roles to people concerned about family members or friends. The theory is that suicide can be pre¬vented with the help of prepared caregivers. ASIST is designed to help all caregivers become more willing, ready and able to help persons at risk. Just as CPR skills make physical first aid possible, training in suicide intervention develops the skills used in suicide first aid. | 31 |
| Resilience Retreat The 2-day 14-hour resilience retreat (RR) was divided into cultural teachings and activities, sharing circles, small group discussions, and story telling. The RR included four main components: (1) Seven Sacred Teachings; (2) Self-identity-focused on knowing your identity, the past, and celebrating your history. Following the presentation, participants divided into community groups for discussion and then reconvened with all attendees to share discussion points; (3) Healthy communities-explored and discussed questions regarding healthy communities using both verbal and pictorial explanations; (4) Bracelet-making activity. The RR ended with a sharing circle attended by all participants. | 24 |
| Total | 55 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Month Follow-up | Lost to Follow-up | 3 | 2 |
| Pre-post Training | Lost to Follow-up | 5 | 1 |
| Pre-post Training | Withdrawal by Subject | 17 | 24 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Resilience Retreat | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized 16-21 | 15 participants | 9 participants | 24 participants |
| Age, Customized 22-44 | 8 participants | 10 participants | 18 participants |
| Age, Customized 45+ | 8 participants | 4 participants | 12 participants |
| Age, Customized Missing | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Current work status Retired/at home full-time/student | 11 participants | 5 participants | 16 participants |
| Current work status Unemployed/social assistance | 14 participants | 11 participants | 25 participants |
| Current work status Working full- or part-time | 6 participants | 8 participants | 14 participants |
| Educational attainment Grade 10 or higher | 12 participants | 21 participants | 33 participants |
| Educational attainment Grade 9 or lower | 19 participants | 3 participants | 22 participants |
| Know someone who died by suicide No | 3 participants | 3 participants | 6 participants |
| Know someone who died by suicide Yes | 28 participants | 21 participants | 49 participants |
| Language spoken most often Cree | 9 participants | 4 participants | 13 participants |
| Language spoken most often English | 20 participants | 20 participants | 40 participants |
| Language spoken most often Missing | 2 participants | 0 participants | 2 participants |
| Marital status Married/common-law | 11 participants | 7 participants | 18 participants |
| Marital status Missing | 4 participants | 0 participants | 4 participants |
| Marital status Never married | 12 participants | 14 participants | 26 participants |
| Marital status Widowed/separated/divorced | 4 participants | 3 participants | 7 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 21 Participants | 12 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 10 Participants | 12 Participants | 22 Participants |
| When most recent suicide death Did not know someone who died by suicide | 3 participants | 3 participants | 6 participants |
| When most recent suicide death Missing | 2 participants | 0 participants | 2 participants |
| When most recent suicide death More than 1 year ago | 18 participants | 10 participants | 28 participants |
| When most recent suicide death Within the last 1 month | 0 participants | 0 participants | 0 participants |
| When most recent suicide death Within the last 6 months | 5 participants | 3 participants | 8 participants |
| When most recent suicide death Within the last year | 3 participants | 8 participants | 11 participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 31 | 0 / 24 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 31 | 0 / 24 |
Outcome results
Primary
SIRI Questionnaire Score
The Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI-2) will be used to detect enhancement of intervention skills in participants. The 25-item SIRI-2 is a self-administered test that was designed to measure competnce in choosing appropriate response to a series of clinical scenarios with suicidal individuals. Research on the SIRI-2 has shown its good psychometric properties, freedom from social desirabiity effects and responsiveness to training in suicide prevention.
Time frame: pre-training, post-training and 6 mo follow up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | SIRI Questionnaire Score | Pre-training | 12.90 number of items correct | Standard Deviation 2.78 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | SIRI Questionnaire Score | Post-training | 14.83 number of items correct | Standard Deviation 3.92 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | SIRI Questionnaire Score | 6 month follow-up | 13.52 number of items correct | Standard Deviation 3.72 |
| Resilience Retreat | SIRI Questionnaire Score | Pre-training | 14.17 number of items correct | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| Resilience Retreat | SIRI Questionnaire Score | Post-training | 14.30 number of items correct | Standard Deviation 3.42 |
| Resilience Retreat | SIRI Questionnaire Score | 6 month follow-up | 15.05 number of items correct | Standard Deviation 3.58 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ in terms of SIRI scores across the three time points. We used linear mixed models to determine whether scores were different between the two groups over time.p-value: 0.61Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Attempted Suicide Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up
Number of people who endorsed having made a suicide attempt since the training as measured at 6 month follow-up
Time frame: January 28-31, 2011
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the 6 month follow up time point questionnaire.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Attempted Suicide Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | 0 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Attempted Suicide Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | 0 participants |
Secondary
Gatekeeper Behaviors - Asked Person at Risk About Suicidal Thoughts
Number of participants who have asked someone that they thought was at risk about suicidal thoughts since the training, measured at 6 month follow-up assessment.
Time frame: January 28-31, 2011
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the baseline and 6 month follow up time point questionnaires.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Gatekeeper Behaviors - Asked Person at Risk About Suicidal Thoughts | 3 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Gatekeeper Behaviors - Asked Person at Risk About Suicidal Thoughts | 6 participants |
Comparison: Null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ in terms of their gatekeeper behavioursp-value: 0.14Fisher Exact
Secondary
Gatekeeper Behaviours - Did Not Ask Person at Risk
Number of participants who did not ask someone about their suicidal thoughts even though they thought they were at risk, measured at 6 month follow-up assessment based on time since training.
Time frame: January 28-31, 2011
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the baseline and 6 month follow up time point questionnaires.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Gatekeeper Behaviours - Did Not Ask Person at Risk | 9 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Gatekeeper Behaviours - Did Not Ask Person at Risk | 9 participants |
Comparison: Null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ on gatekeeper behaviours.p-value: 0.41Chi-squared
Secondary
Lifetime Suicidal Ideation at Baseline
Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide in their lifetime as measured at baseline
Time frame: July 19-20, 2010
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Lifetime Suicidal Ideation at Baseline | 14 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Lifetime Suicidal Ideation at Baseline | 14 participants |
p-value: 0.33Chi-squared
Secondary
Lifetime Suicide Attempt at Baseline
Number of people who endorsed having made a suicide attempt in their lifetime as measured at baseline
Time frame: July 19-20, 2010
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Lifetime Suicide Attempt at Baseline | 6 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Lifetime Suicide Attempt at Baseline | 6 participants |
p-value: 0.62Chi-squared
Secondary
Number of People With Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days Immediately Post Training
Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide in the past 2 days as measured immediately post training (not at all vs a little to a lot)
Time frame: July 22-23, 2010
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the post-training questionnaire.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Number of People With Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days Immediately Post Training | Not at all | 23 participants |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Number of People With Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days Immediately Post Training | A little to a lot | 2 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Number of People With Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days Immediately Post Training | Not at all | 21 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Number of People With Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days Immediately Post Training | A little to a lot | 2 participants |
p-value: 1Fisher Exact
Secondary
Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual
Meaures the level of confidence that the individual believes they have in helping a suicidal person based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all confident) to 4 (very confident).
Time frame: pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Pre-training | 2.68 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Post-training | 2.73 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | 6 month follow-up | 2.63 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Pre-training | 2.87 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Post-training | 2.57 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Confidence in Helping a Suicidal Individual | 6 month follow-up | 2.68 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ in terms of level of knowledge across the three time points.p-value: 0.95Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide
Measures the level of knowledge about suicide that the individual believes they have based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all knowledgeable) to 4 (very knowledgeable).
Time frame: pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | Pre-training | 2.16 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | Post-training | 2.65 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | 6 month follow-up | 2.50 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | Pre-training | 2.09 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | Post-training | 2.23 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Knowledge About Suicide | 6 month follow-up | 2.23 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ in terms of level of knowledge across the three time points.p-value: 0.03Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Self-perceived Preparedness
Measures the level of preparedness of the individual to help someone who is suicidal based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all prepared) to 4 (very prepared).
Time frame: pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Preparedness | Pre-training | 2.19 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Preparedness | Post-training | 2.77 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Preparedness | 6 month follow-up | 2.43 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Preparedness | Pre-training | 2.33 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Preparedness | Post-training | 2.39 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Preparedness | 6 month follow-up | 2.45 Scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the two groups would not differ on level of self-reported preparedness to help a suicidal person.p-value: 0.63Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual
Measures the level of ability that the individual believes they have in helping a suicidal person based on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all skilled) to 4 (very skilled).
Time frame: pre-training, post-training and 6 month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Pre-training | 1.94 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Post-training | 2.50 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | 6 month follow-up | 2.43 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Pre-training | 2.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | Post-training | 2.23 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-perceived Skill in Helping a Suicidal Individual | 6 month follow-up | 2.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the two groups would not differ in terms of self-reported skill level across the three time points.p-value: 0.33Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Self-reported Alcohol Use
Details participants' level of alcohol consumption and if it may be harmful according to the AUDIT. The AUDIT scale is comprised of ten questions with most questions being scored from 0 (never) to 4 (4 or more times per week). The sum of the scores from all ten questions was used to determine a total scale score which ranges from 0 (no risk related to alcohol) to 40 (high risk related to alcohol). Total scores of 8 or more are recommended as indicators of hazardous and harmful alcohol use, as well as possible alcohol dependence.
Time frame: pre-training and 6 month follow-up
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the baseline and 6 month follow up time point questionnaires.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-reported Alcohol Use | Pre-training | 12.14 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 2.76 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-reported Alcohol Use | 6 month follow-up | 8.38 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 1.86 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-reported Alcohol Use | Pre-training | 9.70 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 2.35 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-reported Alcohol Use | 6 month follow-up | 8.76 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 1.58 |
Comparison: Null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ in terms of alcohol use across the two time points.p-value: 0.46ANCOVA
Secondary
Self-reported Distress
Measures the level of distress in the participant using the K6 distress scale. The scale is comprised of six questions which are scored from 0 (none of the time) to 4 (all of the time). The sum of the scores from all six questions was used to determine a total scale score which ranges from 0 (not at all distressed) to 24 (very distressed).
Time frame: pre-training and 6 month follow-up
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the baseline and 6 month follow up time point questionnaires.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-reported Distress | Pre-training | 7.62 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 0.98 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-reported Distress | 6 month follow-up | 6.40 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-reported Distress | Pre-training | 6.30 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 1.13 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-reported Distress | 6 month follow-up | 6.77 Scores on a scale | Standard Error 0.92 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ on their level of distress across the two time points.p-value: 0.21ANCOVA
Secondary
Self-reported Resiliency Score
Assesses resiliency in the participant according to the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, 10-item. The CD-RISC 10 is comprised of ten questions scored from 0 (Not at all true) to 4 (True nearly all of the time). The sum of the scores from all ten questions was used to determine a total scale score which ranges from 0 (low resiliency) to 40 (highly resilient).
Time frame: pre-training and 6 month follow-up
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the baseline and 6 month follow up time point questionnaires.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-reported Resiliency Score | Pre-training | 21.78 Scores on scale | Standard Error 1.38 |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Self-reported Resiliency Score | 6 month follow-up | 23.68 Scores on scale | Standard Error 1.21 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-reported Resiliency Score | Pre-training | 28.71 Scores on scale | Standard Error 1.49 |
| Resilience Retreat | Self-reported Resiliency Score | 6 month follow-up | 27.82 Scores on scale | Standard Error 1.31 |
Comparison: The null hypothesis was that the two groups would not differ in resiliency scores across the follow-up period.p-value: 0.28ANCOVA
Secondary
Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days at Baseline
Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide in the past 2 days as measured at baseline (not at all vs a little to a lot)
Time frame: July 19-20, 2010
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days at Baseline | Not at all | 29 participants |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days at Baseline | A little to a lot | 2 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days at Baseline | Not at all | 22 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Suicidal Ideation in Past 2 Days at Baseline | A little to a lot | 2 participants |
p-value: 1Fisher Exact
Secondary
Suicidal Ideation Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up
Number of people who endorsed having thought about suicide since the training as measured at 6 month follow-up (not at all vs a little to a lot)
Time frame: January 28-31, 2011
Population: The smaller number of participants per group reflects the number of individuals who responded to the 6 month follow up time point questionnaire.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Suicidal Ideation Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | Not at all | 21 participants |
| Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) | Suicidal Ideation Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | A little to a lot | 7 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Suicidal Ideation Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | Not at all | 21 participants |
| Resilience Retreat | Suicidal Ideation Since Training at 6 mo Follow-up | A little to a lot | 1 participants |
p-value: 0.064Fisher Exact