Smoking Cessation
Conditions
Keywords
tobacco cessation, smoking cessation, nicotine, counseling, telephone, self-help, smoking abstinence, tobacco use disorder, nicotine replacement therapy
Brief summary
The primary purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of sending pre-cessation nicotine patches and to examine the effects associated with the pre-cessation treatment phase. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. See if subjects will use pre-cessation nicotine patches. 2. See if subjects in the pre-cessation nicotine patches go on to get more nicotine patches. 3. See if pre-cessation treatment with nicotine patches leads to a decrease in number of cigarettes smoked per day. 4. See if sending 2-weeks' worth of patches is helpful to the quitting process.
Detailed description
Quitlines have become central to state tobacco control efforts in the U.S. In addition to offering telephone counseling, many quitlines have begun providing quitting aids (e.g., nicotine patch) to eligible smokers. The nicotine patch has been shown repeatedly to double the rate of quitting success compared to a placebo control. Recently a number of studies have examined the use of patches prior to quitting. A meta-analysis indicates that such pre-cessation treatment with nicotine patches doubles the odds of quitting, compared to starting patch treatment on the quit day, as is traditionally done. The proposed study would look at both pre-cessation treatment with nicotine patches as well as looking to see if sending clients nicotine patches is helpful in their quitting process. The rationale for pre-cessation treatment with patches is that using patches in this manner would make it easier to quit smoking because it may: reduce the reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking, thus helping to overcome conditioned behavior; reduce the need for inhaled nicotine as smokers naturally decrease their cigarette consumption to titrate the level of nicotine in their system; and/or increase compliance with patch use in the quitting phase. The rationale for sending nicotine patches is that when callers must go and get the patches on their own it creates a barrier to their quitting so that sending nicotine patches directly to a callers' home would make it easier for them to stay on task and quit. This pilot will allow us to test the feasibility of sending pre-treatment nicotine patches and to examine the effects associated with the pre-cessation treatment phase. This pilot project has the following specific aims, to examine whether: 1. Subjects will use pre-cessation nicotine patches. 2. Subjects in the pre-cessation nicotine patches go on to get more nicotine patches. 3. Pre-cessation treatment with nicotine patches leads to a decrease in number of cigarettes smoked per day. 4. Sending 2-weeks' worth of patches is helpful to the quitting process. Results will add to the theoretical understanding of behavior change from which new, effective interventions can spring.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALTelephone Counseling
Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling. The follow-up call schedule includes a reminder call if the quit date is more than one week out, a call within 24 hours of the quit attempt, another call 4-7 days after the quit date, and another call 10-14 days after the quit date.
DRUGNicotine Patches
Subjects are randomized into one of these pharmacotherapy interventions: direct mailing of active patches with a message to start using it on their quit date, direct mailing of active patches with a message to start using it right away, or usual care patches in which no patches are sent directly (although clients may still get them through their usual channels). For those in the usual care condition, patches will not be mailed directly to them; however, we will facilitate their use by providing a certificate that can be used by the State Medicaid program and some other insurance companies to obtain free patches. For those in the active condition, we will mail 2 weeks of patches directly to their home. All subjects will receive a 2 week starter kit with fourteen 21mg patches.
Sponsors
University of California, San Diego
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* \>= 18 years old * Daily smoker * \>=10 cigarettes per day * Ready to quit within one month * First time quitline caller * Valid phone number * Valid address (no P.O. boxes) * California resident * Agree to participate in study and evaluation * English speaking
Exclusion criteria
* Uses other form of tobacco * Plan to use quitting aids other than nicotine patch * Has any of the following conditions: * Severe allergy to adhesive tape * Arrhythmia * Angina * Heart attack within last 6 months * Stroke within last 6 months * Uncontrolled high blood pressure * Insulin-dependent diabetes * Pregnancy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Who Have Not Used Tobacco in the Past 30 Days | 2-months post enrollment | At a given point in time (in this case, 2 months after program registration), quitline participants are asked whether they have used cigarettes or other forms of tobacco in the past 30 days. Those who reply that they have not used tobacco in the past 30 days are considered to have quit. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Serious Quit Attempts | 2-months post enrollment | A serious quit attempt is considered is a quit attempt that last more than 24 hours |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment period from 11/8/2010 - 1/18/2011
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Pre-Patch and Telephone Counseling Nicotine patches (2 weeks' worth) are mailed directly to the subject. Clients will be encouraged to start using these patches PRIOR to their quit date.
Counseling includes a comprehensive pre-quit session and up to 4 proactive follow-up calls.
Telephone Counseling: Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling. The follow-up call schedule includes a reminder call if the quit date is more than one week out, a call within 24 hours of the quit attempt, another call 4-7 days after the quit date, and another call 10-14 days after the quit date. | 80 |
| Post-Patch and Telephone Counseling Nicotine patches (2 weeks' worth) are mailed directly to the subject. Clients are encouraged to start using their patches ON their quit date.
Counseling includes a comprehensive pre-quit session and up to 4 proactive follow-up calls.
Telephone Counseling: Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling. The follow-up call schedule includes a reminder call if the quit date is more than one week out, a call within 24 hours of the quit attempt, another call 4-7 days after the quit date, and another call 10-14 days after the quit date. | 81 |
| Telephone Counseling and no Patches Sent Counseling includes a comprehensive pre-quit session and up to 4 proactive follow-up calls.
Telephone Counseling: Telephone counseling has several distinguishing features, namely proactive follow up counseling calls, a manualized protocol, and relapse-sensitive scheduling. The follow-up call schedule includes a reminder call if the quit date is more than one week out, a call within 24 hours of the quit attempt, another call 4-7 days after the quit date, and another call 10-14 days after the quit date.
Patches will not be mailed directly to them; however, we will facilitate their use by providing a certificate that can be used by the State Medicaid program and some other insurance companies to obtain free patches. | 82 |
| Total | 243 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Post-Patch and Telephone Counseling | Telephone Counseling and no Patches Sent | Pre-Patch and Telephone Counseling | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized 18-24 | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Age, Customized 25-44 | 30 Participants | 39 Participants | 35 Participants | 104 Participants |
| Age, Customized 45-64 | 40 Participants | 33 Participants | 35 Participants | 108 Participants |
| Age, Customized 65+ | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Education >12 Year | 36 Participants | 44 Participants | 42 Participants | 122 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 45 Participants | 52 Participants | 46 Participants | 143 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 36 Participants | 30 Participants | 34 Participants | 100 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 80 | 0 / 81 | 0 / 82 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 80 | 0 / 81 | 0 / 82 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Participants Who Have Not Used Tobacco in the Past 30 Days
At a given point in time (in this case, 2 months after program registration), quitline participants are asked whether they have used cigarettes or other forms of tobacco in the past 30 days. Those who reply that they have not used tobacco in the past 30 days are considered to have quit.
Time frame: 2-months post enrollment
Population: The number of participants analyzed is the number of participants the quitline was able to reach at 2-months post enrollment, not the number randomized into that condition
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Patch and Telephone Counseling | Number of Participants Who Have Not Used Tobacco in the Past 30 Days | 18 Participants |
| Post-Patch and Telephone Counseling | Number of Participants Who Have Not Used Tobacco in the Past 30 Days | 26 Participants |
| Telephone Counseling and no Patches Sent | Number of Participants Who Have Not Used Tobacco in the Past 30 Days | 10 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Serious Quit Attempts
A serious quit attempt is considered is a quit attempt that last more than 24 hours
Time frame: 2-months post enrollment
Population: The number of participants analyzed is the number of participants the quitline was able to reach at 2-months post enrollment, not the number randomized into that condition
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Patch and Telephone Counseling | Number of Participants With Serious Quit Attempts | 48 Participants |
| Post-Patch and Telephone Counseling | Number of Participants With Serious Quit Attempts | 53 Participants |
| Telephone Counseling and no Patches Sent | Number of Participants With Serious Quit Attempts | 42 Participants |