Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Conditions
Keywords
glucose sensors, artificial pancreas, Diabetes Mellitus
Brief summary
The purpose of this research study is to test an automated blood glucose control system that includes a new component designed to adapt to stress. The importance of this component is that when Type 1 Diabetics are stressed (for example, from illness or infection), their body is resistant to the effects of insulin. The investigators will be adjusting their blood glucose using insulin and glucagon and making their body less sensitive to insulin with a steroid, hydrocortisone. Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose. Glucagon raises blood glucose when it is low. Both are natural hormones made by people without diabetes. Hydrocortisone is a steroid that will increase their blood glucose temporarily and will be given every 4 hours. All subjects will participate in two 33 hour experiments. One experiment will use the adaptive version of the sensor-based glucose control system. The other study will use the original version of the control system, without the adaptive component, for the first 13 hours. Then, the adaptive component will be added to the glucose control system for the remaining 20 hours of the study. Our primary goal is to assess the effectiveness of the adaptive component to control glucose levels in the presence of steroid-induced insulin resistance in persons with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Interventions
DEVICEThe Fading Memory Proportional Derivative/Adaptive Proportional Derivative Algorithm
The APD algorithm is based largely on a program that employs the Fading Memory Proportional Derivative (FMPD) insulin and glucagon infusion algorithm. The FMPD algorithm determines insulin and glucagon delivery rates based on proportional error, defined as the difference between the current glucose level and the target level, and the derivative error, defined as the rate of change of the glucose. The fading memory designation refers to weighting recent errors more heavily than remote errors. The APD algorithm, like the FMPD algorithm, will determine insulin and glucagon infusion rates based on sensed glucose values and utilizes the derivative and proportional glucose error to determine delivery rates of insulin. However, the APD algorithm has a model predictive element which also leads to frequent measurement of tissue sensitivity to insulin.
DEVICEThe Adaptive Proportional Derivative Algorithm
The APD algorithm is based largely on a program that employs the Fading Memory Proportional Derivative (FMPD) insulin and glucagon infusion algorithm. The FMPD algorithm determines insulin and glucagon delivery rates based on proportional error, defined as the difference between the current glucose level and the target level, and the derivative error, defined as the rate of change of the glucose. The fading memory designation refers to weighting recent errors more heavily than remote errors. The APD algorithm, like the FMPD algorithm, will determine insulin and glucagon infusion rates based on sensed glucose values and utilizes the derivative and proportional glucose error to determine delivery rates of insulin. However, the APD algorithm has a model predictive element which also leads to frequent measurement of tissue sensitivity to insulin.
Sponsors
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
Legacy Health System
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus for at least 1 year * Male or Female subjects 21 to 65 years of age * Willingness to follow all study procedures, including attending all clinic visits * Willingness to sign informed consent and HIPAA documents.
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnancy or Lactation: For women of childbearing potential: there is a requirement for a negative urine pregnancy test and for agreement to use contraception during the study and for at least 1 month after participating in the study. Acceptable contraception includes birth control pill / patch / vaginal ring, Depo-Provera, Norplant, an IUD, the double barrier method (the woman uses a diaphragm and spermicide and the man uses a condom), or abstinence. * Renal insufficiency (serum creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL or greater). * Serum ALT or AST equal to or greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal; hepatic synthetic insufficiency as defined as a serum albumin of less than 3.3 g/dL; or serum bilirubin of over 2. * Adrenal insufficiency * Hematocrit of less than or equal to 34%. * A history of cerebrovascular disease or coronary artery disease regardless of the time since occurrence. * Congestive heart failure, NYHA class III or IV. * Cardiac rhythm disturbance characterized by: 2nd or 3rd degree heart block, bradycardia of less than 50 bpm (exception of bradycardia in an aerobic athlete), tachycardia of greater than 100 bpm, or any arrhythmia judged by the investigator to be exclusionary. * Any active infection. * Visual impairment preventing reading of glucose meter values or continuous glucose monitoring device. * Physical impairment impeding the ability to use a glucose meter or glucose monitoring device. * Active foot ulceration. * Severe peripheral arterial disease characterized by ischemic rest pain or severe claudication. * Active alcohol abuse, substance abuse, or severe mental illness (as judged by the principal investigator). * Active malignancy, except basal cell or squamous cell skin cancers. * Major surgical operation within 30 days prior to screening. * Seizure disorder. * Any concurrent illness, other than diabetes, that is not controlled by a stable therapeutic regimen. * Chronic usage of any immunosuppressive medication (such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, sirolimus, or tacrolimus). * Current administration of oral or parenteral corticosteroids. * Use of an investigational drug within 30 days prior to screening. * Bleeding disorder, treatment with warfarin, or platelet count below 50,000. * History of major non-compliance. * Allergy to aspart insulin. * Allergy to glucagon. * Past history of pheochromocytoma or a family history of MEN 2, neurofibromatosis, or von Hippel-Lindau disease. * Insulin resistance requiring more than 200 units per day. * Need for uninterrupted treatment of acetaminophen. * Intolerance of mild hypoglycemia (glucose 60-70 mg/dl). * Patients using all dietary supplements (except for vitamin supplements, calcium or vitamin D in standard doses). * Patients with a history of glaucoma or who have not had an ophthalmologic exam in the previous 2 years (because of the risk of increased intraocular pressure) * Patients with a history of psychiatric disease or steroid-induced psychosis. * Patients currently on estrogen supplementation (low dose estrogen contraceptives are not exclusionary). * Chronic use of dietary supplements that contain adrenal cell extracts, adrenal cortical extracts, or other hormones. * The use of dietary supplements (except for vitamin supplements, calcium or vitamin D in standard doses) will be exclusionary (unless the subjects agrees to abstain from taking such supplements for three weeks before beginning the study. * Administration of an immunization (such as a flu or travel immunization) or plans to receive such an immunization within one week of beginning of the study. * Any reason the principal investigator deems exclusionary.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Measurement of the Effectiveness of APD and FMPD/APD Intervention in Adapting to Reduced Insulin Sensitivity | all 33 hour studies | The effectiveness of the APD and FMPD/APD intervention in adapting to reduced insulin sensitivity was analyzed using mean glucose. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Measurement of APD and FMPD/APD Interventions in Controlling Post-prandial Blood Glucose With Reduced Insulin Sensitivity. | all 33 hour studies | Assessment of control of post prandial hyperglycemia with APD and FMPD/APD interventions using mean post-prandial glucose (3 hours after meals). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Subjects were recruited from the Greater Portland Oregon area and screened from Oct 2010 through January 2011 at a Legacy Health system clinic facility.
Pre-assignment details
Each of the 14 subjects will participate in two artificial pancrease glucose control study interventions.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Study Participants Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus subjects who fit the inclusion/exclusion criteria will undergo artificial pancreas closed-loop study for 33 hours. For one intervention for the first 13 hours, the original artificial pancreas algorithm FMPD, will be used to control the subject's blood glucose. After 13 hours, the adaptive component or APD will be used to control the subject's blood glucose for the remaining 20 hours. For the other intervention study, the adaptive component or APD will be used to control the subject's blood glucose for the entire 33 hours. | 14 |
| Total | 14 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Study Participants |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 14 Participants |
| Age Continuous | 46.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 14 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 9 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 14 | 0 / 14 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 14 | 0 / 14 |
Outcome results
Primary
Measurement of the Effectiveness of APD and FMPD/APD Intervention in Adapting to Reduced Insulin Sensitivity
The effectiveness of the APD and FMPD/APD intervention in adapting to reduced insulin sensitivity was analyzed using mean glucose.
Time frame: all 33 hour studies
Population: The number of participants for analysis was determined by an intention to treat (ITT) analysis based on the initial treatment assignment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Study Participants | Measurement of the Effectiveness of APD and FMPD/APD Intervention in Adapting to Reduced Insulin Sensitivity | APD intervention | 176 mg/dl | Standard Deviation 64 |
| All Study Participants | Measurement of the Effectiveness of APD and FMPD/APD Intervention in Adapting to Reduced Insulin Sensitivity | FMPD intervention | 195 mg/dl | Standard Deviation 69 |
Secondary
Measurement of APD and FMPD/APD Interventions in Controlling Post-prandial Blood Glucose With Reduced Insulin Sensitivity.
Assessment of control of post prandial hyperglycemia with APD and FMPD/APD interventions using mean post-prandial glucose (3 hours after meals).
Time frame: all 33 hour studies
Population: The number of participants for analysis was determined by an intention to treat (ITT) analysis based on the initial treatment assignment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Study Participants | Measurement of APD and FMPD/APD Interventions in Controlling Post-prandial Blood Glucose With Reduced Insulin Sensitivity. | APD intervention | 199 mg/dl | Standard Deviation 65 |
| All Study Participants | Measurement of APD and FMPD/APD Interventions in Controlling Post-prandial Blood Glucose With Reduced Insulin Sensitivity. | FMPD/APD intervention | 218 mg/dl | Standard Deviation 74 |