Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Conditions
Keywords
MDD, Major Depressive Disorder, Amisulpride
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a single low dose of the D2/D3 antagonist amisulpride on reward processing. More generally, this study will test the role of dopamine (a naturally occurring brain chemical) in depression. Hypotheses: Administration of a single low dose of the D2/D3 antagonist amisulpride will (1) improve performance in a behavioral task assessing learning from feedback and (2) boost activation in reward-related brain regions.
Detailed description
Through an integration of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach coupled with a pharmacological challenge, the goal of the current study will be to investigate the role of dopamine in MDD. Participants in this research will include 36 MDD subjects and 36 demographically matched healthy participants recruited from the community by Dr. Pizzagalli's laboratory at McLean Hospital's Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research. This study will include two sessions: * The first session will involve a diagnostic interview, and a series of questionnaires and assessments. * The second session will take place at the McLean Hospital's Neuroimaging Center, and include the administration of a low-dose of amisulpride (50 mg capsule) or placebo, followed by an fMRI brain scan and administration of two behavioral tasks.
Interventions
DRUGamisulpride
single low-dose pharmacological challenge, 50 mg amisulpride
DRUGplacebo
single-dose placebo capsule
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Mclean Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Intervention model description
There were two groups of subjects: currently experiencing a major depressive episode, or normal health controls. The groups were matched for age, gender, and race. Within each group, half of the subjects were assigned to receive the study drug (amisulpride) and half to receive a placebo.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Inclusion Criteria for subjects with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): 1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) diagnostic criteria for MDD, diagnosed with the use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID); 2. Written informed consent; 3. Both genders and all ethnic origins, age between 18 and 45; 4. A baseline score \> 16 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) 17-item version; 5. Right-handed. 6. Absence of any psychotropic medications for at least 2 weeks: * 6 weeks for fluoxetine, * 6 months for neuroleptics, * 2 weeks for benzodiazepines, * 2 weeks for any other antidepressants. Inclusion Criteria for Control Subjects: 1. Absence of medical, neurological, and psychiatric illness (including alcohol and substance abuse), as assessed by subject history and a structured clinical interview (SCID-I/NP); 2. Written informed consent; 3. Both genders and all ethnic origins, age between 18 and 45; 4. Right-handed; 5. Absence of any medications for at least 3 weeks; 6. Absence of pregnancy.
Exclusion criteria
*
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Effect on Putamen Response to Reward | During scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on putamen activation (beta) after reward outcomes. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline. |
| Effect on Caudate Response to Reward | During scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on caudate activation after Reward outcomes. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline. |
| Effect on NAcc Response to Reward | During scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation after reward outcomes. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline. |
| Effect on PST Reward Learning | administered after scan | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on the ability to learn from rewards during a Probabilistic Selection Task (PST). A higher effect size indicates greater ability to learn from reward trials. |
| Effect on PST Penalty Learning | administered after scan | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on the ability to learn from penalties during a Probabilistic Selection Task (PST). A higher effect size indicates greater ability to learn from penalty trials. |
| Effect on Caudate Response to Cues | Scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on caudate activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline. |
| Effect on NAcc Response to Cues | Scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline. |
| Putamen Response to Cues | Scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on putamen activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Effect on NAcc-MCC Connectivity After Reward | During scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) in response to reward outcomes. |
| Effect on Caudate-dACC Connectivity After Reward | During scan session | This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on functional connectivity between caudate and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to reward outcomes |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited at McLean Hospital (Belmont, MA) and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH; Boston, MA) between February, 2012, and September, 2015. The study was advertised using flyers, and on a number of internet bulletin boards available to the general public. Study visits were conducted in research facilities at McLean Hospital.
Pre-assignment details
An assessment visit was conducted prior to the drug-challenge visit. Subjects had a diagnostic interview (SCID) and preliminary physical exam, provided a blood sample for lab tests, and completed surveys, to determine eligibility. Those meeting eligibility criteria were scheduled for a drug+scanning visit where randomization occurred.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received amisulpride | 15 |
| MDD-placebo Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received placebo | 14 |
| HC-amisulpride Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received amisulpride | 16 |
| HC-placebo Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received placebo | 14 |
| Total | 59 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment and Scheduling | Found to be Ineligible | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Assessment and Scheduling | Lost to Follow-up | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Assessment and Scheduling | Physician Decision | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Assessment and Scheduling | Withdrawal by Subject | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Drug+Scanning Visit | Physician Decision | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | MDD-placebo | HC-amisulpride | HC-placebo | Total | MDD-amisulpride |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AES | 42.14 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.786 | 59.53 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.856 | 60.86 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4 | 51.63 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.218 | 43.45 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.063 |
| Age, Continuous | 25.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.35 | 25.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 25.3 | 24.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.7 | 26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.79 | 27.20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 |
| BDI-II | 27.91 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.877 | 1.31 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.387 | 1.51 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.131 | 13.54 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.828 | 24.40 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.423 |
| BIS attention-1 | 9.929 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.94 | 9.620 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9879 | 11.000 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3205 | 10.225 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.15 | 10.393 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3053 |
| BIS Attention-2 | 15.464 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7767 | 14.087 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8332 | 16.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2548 | 15.461 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2078 | 15.536 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6187 |
| BIS cognitive complexity | 10.161 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9509 | 9.933 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3442 | 10.554 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4143 | 10.105 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4016 | 9.786 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.0069 |
| BIS cognitive instability | 5.536 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9852 | 4.467 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1255 | 5.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5619 | 5.237 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.68 | 5.143 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7913 |
| BIS motor-1 | 12.786 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9136 | 12.133 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2636 | 12.071 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9733 | 12.421 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6454 | 12.714 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6144 |
| BIS Motor-2 | 19.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.5865 | 18.980 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8016 | 19.764 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7056 | 19.428 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2791 | 19.357 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2959 |
| BIS Non-planning-2 | 20.589 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.2638 | 21.000 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7446 | 22.911 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1459 | 21.333 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8528 | 20.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1668 |
| BIS perseverance | 6.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6104 | 6.847 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4426 | 7.693 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9408 | 7.007 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6593 | 6.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5984 |
| BIS self control | 10.429 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.0813 | 11.067 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6345 | 12.357 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2959 | 11.228 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3113 | 11.071 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2455 |
| Caffeine today (mg) | 102.88 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 108.938 | 32.13 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 32.335 | 67.23 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 67.268 | 69.44 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 79.159 | 81.23 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 83.4 |
| Current drinkers | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 4 Participants | 19 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Current smokers | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Defeat Scale | 35.55 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.72 | 5.88 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.182 | 5.25 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.392 | 23.66 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.049 | 38.09 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.7 |
| Drinks in past 24hrs | 0.46 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.519 | 0.36 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.497 | 0.29 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.469 | 0.35 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.48 | 0.29 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.469 |
| Educ-yrs | 16.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9 | 16.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.13 | 16.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.52 | 16.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.18 | 15.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.06 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 7 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 13 Participants | 12 Participants | 14 Participants | 51 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| HRSD | 18.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.09 | 1.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.58 | 0.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.66 | 9.37 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.997 | 16.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.37 |
| Length_MDE | 14.00 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.982 | — | — | 16.17 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.771 | 20.50 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.53 |
| MASQ AA | 23.385 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.426 | 19.417 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3643 | 17.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1507 | 20.534 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7852 | 21.880 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9644 |
| MASQ AD | 87.769 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.918 | 44.200 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.4448 | 44.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.6764 | 65.795 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.5064 | 88.087 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.1143 |
| MASQ GDA | 23.385 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.752 | 14.200 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3209 | 12.071 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9793 | 17.772 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.806 | 21.800 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.2244 |
| MASQ GDD | 39.538 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2872 | 14.533 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6029 | 14.214 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9136 | 27.375 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.5034 | 41.960 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.7346 |
| MASQ total | 174.077 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.5448 | 92.350 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.0618 | 88.571 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.4389 | 131.476 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 44.6597 | 173.727 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.2367 |
| MDD SCID rating | 2.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.27 | 1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 | 1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 | 1.93 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.99 | 2.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.27 |
| # MDEs | 4.79 Episodes STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.49 | — | — | 3.74 Episodes STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.23 | 2.75 Episodes STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.667 |
| Menstrual phase Follicular | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 12 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Menstrual phase Luteal | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Menstrual phase Unknown | 3 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 17 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Past smokers | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Patients with comorbid anxiety disorder Has comorbid Anxiety Disorder | 6 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Patients with comorbid anxiety disorder No comorbid Anxiety Disorder | 8 Participants | 16 Participants | 14 Participants | 47 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Patients with comorbid anxiety disorder Unknown | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Patients with past anxiety disorder No | 8 Participants | 16 Participants | 14 Participants | 47 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Patients with past anxiety disorder Unknown | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Patients with past anxiety disorder Yes | 6 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 9 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 9 Participants | 10 Participants | 6 Participants | 36 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 14 Participants | 16 Participants | 14 Participants | 59 Participants | 15 Participants |
| RSES_Total | 26.36 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.988 | 14.14 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.891 | 14.33 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.633 | 21.86 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.651 | 26.36 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.802 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants | 11 Participants | 9 Participants | 38 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 8 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 21 Participants | 3 Participants |
| SHPS-low | 6.857 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.0995 | 6.400 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8439 | 6.571 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9013 | 6.879 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9293 | 7.667 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3452 |
| SHPS total | 32.450 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5103 | 21.293 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.6623 | 23.714 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.4258 | 27.534 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.097 | 32.753 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6489 |
| TCI NS-1 | 29.385 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3 | 34.200 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7595 | 35.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8159 | 31.814 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.407 | 27.760 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.4779 |
| TCI NS-2 | 20.85 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.053 | 22.93 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.698 | 22.79 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.86 | 21.54 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.258 | 19.60 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.137 |
| TCI NS-3 | 25.231 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.8615 | 26.667 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.5891 | 26.571 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3273 | 25.581 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.5084 | 23.873 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9297 |
| TCI NS-4 | 18.77 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.468 | 20.07 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.311 | 20.64 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.551 | 19.04 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.555 | 16.73 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.973 |
| TCI Total | 94.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.78 | 103.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.99 | 105.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.53 | 97.97 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.417 | 87.97 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.992 |
| Usual caffeine (mg) | 176.50 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 87.444 | 82.93 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 77.308 | 64.75 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 41.139 | 111.05 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 111.05 | 124.35 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 74.162 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 15 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 14 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 15 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 14 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 15 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 14 |
Outcome results
Primary
Effect on Caudate Response to Cues
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on caudate activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.
Time frame: Scan session
Population: Data are missing for 8 subjects due to poor MRI quality.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on Caudate Response to Cues | 0.2231 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.42189 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on Caudate Response to Cues | -0.0391 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.32792 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on Caudate Response to Cues | -0.0938 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.57788 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on Caudate Response to Cues | 0.0582 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.30318 |
Primary
Effect on Caudate Response to Reward
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on caudate activation after Reward outcomes. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.
Time frame: During scan session
Population: Data are missing for 9 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on Caudate Response to Reward | 0.5783 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 1.0104 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on Caudate Response to Reward | -0.2673 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.1575 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on Caudate Response to Reward | -0.33 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 1.243 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on Caudate Response to Reward | 0.1955 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.1101 |
Primary
Effect on NAcc Response to Cues
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.
Time frame: Scan session
Population: Data are missing for 8 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on NAcc Response to Cues | 0.2446 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.38546 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on NAcc Response to Cues | 0.0736 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.38694 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on NAcc Response to Cues | 0.1356 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.518 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on NAcc Response to Cues | 0.2182 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.55236 |
Primary
Effect on NAcc Response to Reward
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation after reward outcomes. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.
Time frame: During scan session
Population: Data are missing for 10 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on NAcc Response to Reward | 0.9377 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.1357 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on NAcc Response to Reward | 0.1578 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.8534 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on NAcc Response to Reward | 0.4018 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 1.2619 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on NAcc Response to Reward | 0.954 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 1.0833 |
Primary
Effect on PST Penalty Learning
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on the ability to learn from penalties during a Probabilistic Selection Task (PST). A higher effect size indicates greater ability to learn from penalty trials.
Time frame: administered after scan
Population: Penalty-learning results are missing for 7 subjects
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on PST Penalty Learning | 0.2428 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.18 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on PST Penalty Learning | 0.29 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.2056 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on PST Penalty Learning | 0.2207 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.20225 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on PST Penalty Learning | 0.2391 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.14618 |
Primary
Effect on PST Reward Learning
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on the ability to learn from rewards during a Probabilistic Selection Task (PST). A higher effect size indicates greater ability to learn from reward trials.
Time frame: administered after scan
Population: Reward-learning results are missing for 7 subjects
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on PST Reward Learning | 0.6271 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.15608 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on PST Reward Learning | 0.7575 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.1676 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on PST Reward Learning | 0.823 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.1228 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on PST Reward Learning | 0.7545 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.1828 |
Primary
Effect on Putamen Response to Reward
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on putamen activation (beta) after reward outcomes. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.
Time frame: During scan session
Population: Data are missing for 9 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on Putamen Response to Reward | 0.6338 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.8394 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on Putamen Response to Reward | 0.1709 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.7996 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on Putamen Response to Reward | -0.14 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 1.2282 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on Putamen Response to Reward | 0.436 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.6689 |
Primary
Putamen Response to Cues
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on putamen activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.
Time frame: Scan session
Population: Data are missing for 9 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Putamen Response to Cues | 0.4969 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.41086 |
| MDD-placebo | Putamen Response to Cues | 0.3955 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.36653 |
| HC-amisulpride | Putamen Response to Cues | 0.4169 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.41839 |
| HC-placebo | Putamen Response to Cues | 0.3808 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.42303 |
Secondary
Effect on Caudate-dACC Connectivity After Reward
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on functional connectivity between caudate and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to reward outcomes
Time frame: During scan session
Population: Data missing for 8 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on Caudate-dACC Connectivity After Reward | 0.3628 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.4057 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on Caudate-dACC Connectivity After Reward | 0.3881 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.3415 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on Caudate-dACC Connectivity After Reward | 0.2992 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.49098 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on Caudate-dACC Connectivity After Reward | 0.6192 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.427 |
Secondary
Effect on NAcc-MCC Connectivity After Reward
This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) in response to reward outcomes.
Time frame: During scan session
Population: Data missing for 8 subjects due to poor MRI quality
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDD-amisulpride | Effect on NAcc-MCC Connectivity After Reward | 0.4375 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.4163 |
| MDD-placebo | Effect on NAcc-MCC Connectivity After Reward | 0.324 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.4992 |
| HC-amisulpride | Effect on NAcc-MCC Connectivity After Reward | 0.4846 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.6279 |
| HC-placebo | Effect on NAcc-MCC Connectivity After Reward | 0.4877 Effect size (Beta) | Standard Deviation 0.507 |