Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Conditions
Keywords
Diabetes, Treg
Brief summary
The investigational therapy under study in this trial, regulatory T cells (Tregs), offers the hope of stabilizing further destruction of insulin producing beta cells in type 1 diabetes. Tregs are a specialized subset of T cells that function to control the immune response. Pre-clinical studies in non-obese diabetic mice have demonstrated that adoptive transfer of Tregs can slow diabetes progression and, in some cases, reverse new onset diabetes. The primary purpose of this Phase 1 study is to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenous infusion of ex vivo selected and expanded autologous polyclonal Tregs in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) to support dose selection for a future efficacy trial. The study also aims to assess the effect of Tregs on beta cell function as well as on other measures of diabetes severity and the autoimmune response underlying T1DM.
Detailed description
Currently, there is no approved medical treatment for preservation of the body's ability to produce insulin in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), and the progression of the disease can have devastating consequences. Inadequate blood glucose control results in many long term complications including kidney disease, blindness, amputation and nerve damage. In spite of the advances in insulin therapy and subsequent glucose control, patients are required to infuse insulin subcutaneously daily throughout their lives, monitor their diet and blood sugar levels, and deal with life-long uncertainties. The investigational therapy under study in this trial, regulatory T cells (Tregs), offers the hope of stabilizing diabetes. Tregs are a specialized subset of T cells that function to control the immune response. Pre-clinical studies in non-obese diabetic mice have demonstrated that adoptive transfer of Tregs can slow diabetes progression and, in some cases, reverse new onset diabetes. The primary objective of this study is to assess the safety of a single intravenous infusion of Tregs in patients with T1DM. The study will also assess the effect of Tregs on insulin-producing beta cell function as well as other outcomes related to diabetes management. Researchers will isolate Tregs from the patient's own blood using specific T cell surface markers (CD4, CD25, and CD127). This subset of cells is then expanded in the laboratory by co-stimulating with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 immobilized on magnetic beads, and with the use of growth medium containing human serum and IL-2. Following the 14-day expansion, anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads will be removed and the Tregs will be concentrated and consolidated. The cells will then be resuspended in sterile infusion solution at the required concentration and infused back into the patient through a standard peripheral intravenous line. Subjects will be observed overnight in the clinical research center for any possible side effects following the infusion. A total of 14 subjects will be enrolled. The study will involve 4 dosing cohorts with 3 or 4 adults in each cohort. Each cohort will receive increasing amounts of Tregs. Subjects will be followed over five years to assess safety of the Treg therapy.
Interventions
The researchers will multiply/expand the Tregs in the laboratory using anti-CD3/anti-CD28 coated beads plus IL-2. Then, the Tregs will be infused back into the patient in a single infusion. The first cohort will receive 0.05 x10\^8 cells. The second cohort will receive 0.4 x10\^8 cells. The third cohort will receive 3.2 x10\^8 cells. The fourth cohort will receive 26 x10\^8 cells.
Sponsors
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
University of California, San Francisco
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of T1DM within \>3 and \<24 months of screening according to the American Diabetes Association criteria * Between 18 and 45 years of age * Positive test for Epstein-Barr antibody * Positive test for at least one of the following antibodies: * ICA512-antibody * ICA * GAD65-antibody * Insulin (if assessed within 10 days of the onset of insulin therapy) * ZnT8 * Peak C-peptide \>0.1 pmol/ml (\>0.3 ng/ml) during MMTT challenge * Adequate venous access to support draw of 400 ml whole blood and infusion of investigational therapy
Exclusion criteria
* Hemoglobin \<10.0 g/dL; leukocytes \<3,000/µL; neutrophils \<1,500/µL; lymphocytes \<800/µL; platelets \<100,000/µL * Regulatory T cells present in peripheral blood at \<10 per µl as determined by flow cytometry * Serologic evidence of HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection * Evidence of current hepatitis B as demonstrated by HBsAg or circulating hepatitis B genomes * Serologic evidence of hepatitis C infection * Detectable circulating EBV or CMV genomes or active infection * Positive PPD skin test defined as greater than or equal to 10 mm induration * Chronic use of systemic glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive agents, or biologic immunomodulators within 6 months prior to study entry. Specifically, subjects who have received over 7 days of treatment with 7.5mg of prednisone (or the equivalent) within 6 months prior to study entry will be excluded. * History of malignancy ( including squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or cervix) except adequately treated basal cell carcinoma * Any chronic illness or prior treatment which in the opinion of the investigator should preclude participation in the trial * Pregnant or breastfeeding women, any female who is unwilling to use a reliable and effective form of contraception for 2 years afer Treg dosing and any male who is unwilling to use a reliable and effective form of contraception for 3 months after Treg dosing.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Mean follow-up of 31 months | The number of AEs are reported by cohort and severity. |
| Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Mean follow-up of 31 months | Laboratory measures tested include: hematology, blood chemistry, endocrine values, autoantibodies, and ophthalmologic exam results Total number of participants experiencing severe or life-threatening laboratory abnormalities is reported for each cohort. Events reported include hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 26 and 52 weeks from baseline | Secondary diabetes-related outcome measure: C-peptide response during mixed meal tolerance test at 26 and 52 weeks, reported as the change from baseline in the area under the curve. |
| Insulin Use | up to 104 weeks | Secondary diabetes-related outcome measure will include insulin use |
| Hemoglobin A1c | Up to 104 weeks | Secondary diabetes-related outcome measure will include hemoglobin A1c |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus will have their regulatory T cells (Tregs) isolated by researchers and receive Ex vivo Expanded Human Autologous Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells by infusion
Ex vivo Expanded Human Autologous Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells: The researchers will multiply/expand the Tregs in the laboratory using anti-CD3/anti-CD28 coated beads plus IL-2. Then, the Tregs will be infused back into the patient in a single infusion. The first cohort will receive 0.05 x10\^8 cells. The second cohort will receive 0.4 x10\^8 cells. The third cohort will receive 3.2 x10\^8 cells. The fourth cohort will receive 26 x10\^8 cells. | 14 |
| Total | 14 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 3: PolyTregs 3.2 x 10^8 Cells | Lost to Follow-up | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cohort 3: PolyTregs 3.2 x 10^8 Cells | Treg Manufacturing Failure | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cohort 4: PolyTregs 26 x 10^8 Cells | Treg Manufacturing Failure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 30.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.7 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 13 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 13 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 14 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 8 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 5 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 3 / 3 | 3 / 3 | 5 / 5 | 4 / 5 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 1 / 5 | 1 / 5 |
Outcome results
Primary
Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability
The number of AEs are reported by cohort and severity.
Time frame: Mean follow-up of 31 months
Population: Safety analysis includes 14 treated participants who received one dose of PolyTregs at Day 0, two participants who underwent blood draw but did not receive PolyTregs were also included in the safety analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 1 Mild | 25 adverse events |
| Cohort 1 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 2 Moderate | 5 adverse events |
| Cohort 1 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 4 Life Threatening | 0 adverse events |
| Cohort 1 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 3 Severe | 0 adverse events |
| Cohort 2 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 2 Moderate | 9 adverse events |
| Cohort 2 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 4 Life Threatening | 0 adverse events |
| Cohort 2 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 3 Severe | 2 adverse events |
| Cohort 2 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 1 Mild | 19 adverse events |
| Cohort 3 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 1 Mild | 31 adverse events |
| Cohort 3 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 4 Life Threatening | 0 adverse events |
| Cohort 3 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 3 Severe | 6 adverse events |
| Cohort 3 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 2 Moderate | 28 adverse events |
| Cohort 4 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 4 Life Threatening | 2 adverse events |
| Cohort 4 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 1 Mild | 29 adverse events |
| Cohort 4 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 2 Moderate | 7 adverse events |
| Cohort 4 | Adverse Events (AEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability | Grade 3 Severe | 3 adverse events |
Primary
Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities
Laboratory measures tested include: hematology, blood chemistry, endocrine values, autoantibodies, and ophthalmologic exam results Total number of participants experiencing severe or life-threatening laboratory abnormalities is reported for each cohort. Events reported include hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
Time frame: Mean follow-up of 31 months
Population: Safety analysis includes 14 treated participants who received one dose of PolyTregs at Day 0, two participants who underwent blood draw but did not receive PolyTregs were also included in the safety analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Any severe or life threatening abnormality | 0 Participants |
| Cohort 1 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Abnormality related to study drug | 0 Participants |
| Cohort 2 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Abnormality related to study drug | 0 Participants |
| Cohort 2 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Any severe or life threatening abnormality | 1 Participants |
| Cohort 3 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Any severe or life threatening abnormality | 1 Participants |
| Cohort 3 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Abnormality related to study drug | 0 Participants |
| Cohort 4 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Any severe or life threatening abnormality | 1 Participants |
| Cohort 4 | Number of Participants Experiencing Severe or Life Threatening Laboratory Abnormalities | Abnormality related to study drug | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Hemoglobin A1c
Secondary diabetes-related outcome measure will include hemoglobin A1c
Time frame: Up to 104 weeks
Population: Population includes 14 participants treated
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 52 Weeks | 6.1 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Cohort 1 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 104 Weeks | 5.7 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Cohort 1 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbAlc at 26 Weeks | 5.5 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Cohort 1 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at Baseline | 5.5 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Cohort 2 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbAlc at 26 Weeks | 5.8 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Cohort 2 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at Baseline | 5.6 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Cohort 2 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 52 Weeks | 5.8 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Cohort 2 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 104 Weeks | 6.1 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Cohort 3 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 52 Weeks | 6.7 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Cohort 3 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at Baseline | 6.5 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Cohort 3 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbAlc at 26 Weeks | 6.5 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Cohort 3 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 104 Weeks | 6.8 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Cohort 4 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbAlc at 26 Weeks | 7.2 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Cohort 4 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at Baseline | 6.7 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Cohort 4 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 104 Weeks | 8.2 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Cohort 4 | Hemoglobin A1c | HbA1c at 52 Weeks | 7.6 % of HbA1c | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
Secondary
Insulin Use
Secondary diabetes-related outcome measure will include insulin use
Time frame: up to 104 weeks
Population: Population includes 14 participants treated.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Baseline | 0.127 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.027 |
| Cohort 1 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 26 | 0.193 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.063 |
| Cohort 1 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 52 | 0.245 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.069 |
| Cohort 1 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 104 | 0.334 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.064 |
| Cohort 2 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 26 | 0.167 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.047 |
| Cohort 2 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 52 | 0.219 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.066 |
| Cohort 2 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 104 | 0.222 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.049 |
| Cohort 2 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Baseline | 0.236 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.016 |
| Cohort 3 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 52 | 0.444 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.108 |
| Cohort 3 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 26 | 0.397 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Cohort 3 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 104 | 0.484 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| Cohort 3 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Baseline | 0.346 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.211 |
| Cohort 4 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 104 | 0.550 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.346 |
| Cohort 4 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 26 | 0.294 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.137 |
| Cohort 4 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Baseline | 0.298 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.151 |
| Cohort 4 | Insulin Use | Insulin use at Week 52 | 0.385 U/day/kg | Standard Deviation 0.168 |
Secondary
Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve
Secondary diabetes-related outcome measure: C-peptide response during mixed meal tolerance test at 26 and 52 weeks, reported as the change from baseline in the area under the curve.
Time frame: 26 and 52 weeks from baseline
Population: Population includes 14 participants treated.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort 1 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 26 Weeks | 24.1 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 26.6 |
| Cohort 1 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 52 Weeks | 25.5 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 39.4 |
| Cohort 2 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 26 Weeks | 17.4 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 19.4 |
| Cohort 2 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 52 Weeks | 9.2 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 10.2 |
| Cohort 3 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 52 Weeks | -33.9 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
| Cohort 3 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 26 Weeks | 14.9 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 12.2 |
| Cohort 4 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 52 Weeks | -48.5 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 42.6 |
| Cohort 4 | Percent Change From Baseline in C-peptide Area Under the Curve | 26 Weeks | -32.9 percentage change from baseline | Standard Deviation 42.9 |