Ankle Sprain
Conditions
Brief summary
Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common injuries in sports. There is a unique style of socks that have become popular in Japan among athletes that could also improve postural control. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of five-toed socks on dynamic postural control in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability.
Detailed description
Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common injuries in sports. Ankle braces and orthotic insoles also have been shown to influence the neuromuscular control system by enhancing the proprioceptive and cutaneous afferent inputs to the central nerve system; thereby improving postural control. There is a unique style of socks that have become popular in Japan among athletes that could also improve postural control by enhancing cutaneous afferent inputs from the plantar surface of the foot and toes. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of five-toed socks on dynamic postural control in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability.
Interventions
DEVICEUnilateral CAI
five-toed socks usage
Sponsors
University of Toledo Health Science Campus
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* member of university community * All subjects will be physically active (at least 30 minutes of sustained exercise 3 times/week
Exclusion criteria
* history of: knee or hip musculoskeletal injury or surgery * history of: fracture or dislocation of the testing ankle or leg * neurological problems * vestibular disorders or concussions within the last 6 months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Primary Outcome Measurement for This Study Was to Determine Differences in Center of Pressure (COP) and Static Postural Control Patterns in Individuals With and Without CAI During the Single Limb Balance Test. | 3 weeks | Participants were recruited to complete three testing sessions, separated by approximately one week. The participants were tested while wearing five-toed socks. Static postural control was assessed on a force plate (model 4060NC; Bertec Corp. Inc., Columbus, OH) with the subject in a single-limb stance. Center of Pressure (COP) data were sampled at 50Hz. The subjects completed three 15-second trials with a one-minute rest between trials. Motion Monitor software (Innovative Sports Training, Inc., Chicago, IL) collected COP data during the single-limb stance test. The primary outcome was COP-Velocity (cm/sec). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Reaching Distances | 3 weeks | The secondary outcome measurement for this study will be to determine differences in the mean value of the three reaching distances (the anterior, posterior lateral, and posterior medial direction) of the SEBT in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability. The reaching distances (cm) from the three directions were averaged together and then normalized to the leg length of the stance leg (cm). The outcome variable, normalized maximum reaching distance (MAXD), was represented as a percentage value representing the distance as a % of leg length. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Dates of the recruitment period was from January 2009 to September 2010. Data was collected at Athletic Training Research Laboratory located in room 1406A Health Science and Human Service Building, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606. Subjects were approached in groups during classes at the University of Toledo.
Pre-assignment details
Enrolled participants were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study, therefore no participants were excluded following participant enrollment, but prior to group assignment.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| With Unilateral CAI five-toed socks : five-toed socks usage | 23 |
| Without Unilateral CAI five-toed socks : five-toed socks usage | 30 |
| Total | 53 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Without Unilateral CAI | With Unilateral CAI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 30 Participants | 23 Participants | 53 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 22.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 22.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3 | 22.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 30 participants | 23 participants | 53 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 21 Participants | 16 Participants | 37 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 23 | 0 / 30 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 23 | 0 / 30 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 23 | 0 / 30 |
Outcome results
Primary
The Primary Outcome Measurement for This Study Was to Determine Differences in Center of Pressure (COP) and Static Postural Control Patterns in Individuals With and Without CAI During the Single Limb Balance Test.
Participants were recruited to complete three testing sessions, separated by approximately one week. The participants were tested while wearing five-toed socks. Static postural control was assessed on a force plate (model 4060NC; Bertec Corp. Inc., Columbus, OH) with the subject in a single-limb stance. Center of Pressure (COP) data were sampled at 50Hz. The subjects completed three 15-second trials with a one-minute rest between trials. Motion Monitor software (Innovative Sports Training, Inc., Chicago, IL) collected COP data during the single-limb stance test. The primary outcome was COP-Velocity (cm/sec).
Time frame: 3 weeks
Population: In published data by the lab director in which the dependant variable was normalized reaching distance on the SEBT, CAI subjects experienced a significantly reduced anterior reaching direction on their injured side compared to the Control group. Based on these data, to achieve a power level of 0.80, fifteen subjects in each group will be needed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With Unilateral CAI | The Primary Outcome Measurement for This Study Was to Determine Differences in Center of Pressure (COP) and Static Postural Control Patterns in Individuals With and Without CAI During the Single Limb Balance Test. | Eyes Open | 0.61 COP-Velocity (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| With Unilateral CAI | The Primary Outcome Measurement for This Study Was to Determine Differences in Center of Pressure (COP) and Static Postural Control Patterns in Individuals With and Without CAI During the Single Limb Balance Test. | Eyes Closed | 1.31 COP-Velocity (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| Without Unilateral CAI | The Primary Outcome Measurement for This Study Was to Determine Differences in Center of Pressure (COP) and Static Postural Control Patterns in Individuals With and Without CAI During the Single Limb Balance Test. | Eyes Open | 0.55 COP-Velocity (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Without Unilateral CAI | The Primary Outcome Measurement for This Study Was to Determine Differences in Center of Pressure (COP) and Static Postural Control Patterns in Individuals With and Without CAI During the Single Limb Balance Test. | Eyes Closed | 1.26 COP-Velocity (cm/sec) | Standard Deviation 0.34 |
Secondary
Reaching Distances
The secondary outcome measurement for this study will be to determine differences in the mean value of the three reaching distances (the anterior, posterior lateral, and posterior medial direction) of the SEBT in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability. The reaching distances (cm) from the three directions were averaged together and then normalized to the leg length of the stance leg (cm). The outcome variable, normalized maximum reaching distance (MAXD), was represented as a percentage value representing the distance as a % of leg length.
Time frame: 3 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| With Unilateral CAI | Reaching Distances | 66.1 MAXD (% of leg length) | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
| Without Unilateral CAI | Reaching Distances | 71.4 MAXD (% of leg length) | Standard Deviation 5.8 |