Lung Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
regional analgesia, routine general anesthesia, immune system response, lung cancer (stage 1-3)
Brief summary
Test the effect of combined regiona/general anesthesia on lung cancer recurrence compared to general anesthesia alone.
Detailed description
Surgery is the primary treatment of lung cancer, but surgery releases tumor cells into the systemic circulation. Whether this minimal residual disease results in clinical metastases is a function of host defense. At least three perioperative factors shift the balance toward initiation and progression of minimal residual disease. (1) Surgery per se depresses cell-mediated immunity, reduces concentrations of tumor-related anti-angiogenic factors (e.g., angiostatin and endostatin), and increases concentrations of pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF. (2) Anesthesia impairs numerous immune functions, including neutrophil, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes (T-cell), and Natural killer cell (NK-cell) functions. (3) Opioid analgesics inhibit both cellular and humoral immune function in humans, and promote tumor growth in rodents. Regional analgesia attenuates each of these adverse effects. For example, regional anesthesia largely prevents the neuroendocrine stress response to surgery by blocking afferent neural transmission. With combined regional and general anesthesia/analgesia, the amount of general anesthetic required is much reduced - as is, presumably, immune suppression. And finally, regional analgesia provides superb pain relief, essentially obliterating the need for postoperative opioids. Animal studies show that regional anesthesia improves natural kill cell function and reduces the metastatic burden in animals inoculated with carcinoma cells. Preliminary retrospective data in cancer patients showed, that paravertebral analgesia for breast cancer surgery reduced risk of recurrence or metastasis by 40% during a 2.5 to 4-year follow-up period. The investigators thus propose to evaluate the effect of combined epidural-general anesthesia compared to general anesthesia on cancer recurrence semi-annually over a period of 5 years.
Interventions
OTHERGeneral-epidural anesthesia
General anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia
OTHERBalanced general anesthesia and postoperative opioids
General anesthesia alone
Sponsors
The Cleveland Clinic
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Primary non-small cell lung cancer (stage 1-3) as determined according to the IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project; * Scheduled for potentially curative tumor resection; * Written informed consent, including willingness to be randomized to epidural anesthesia/analgesia plus general anesthesia or to general anesthesia and postoperative opioid analgesia.
Exclusion criteria
* Any contraindication to epidural anesthesia, (including coagulopathy, abnormal anatomy). * Any contraindication to midazolam, propofol, sevoflurane, fentanyl, morphine, or hydromorphone. * Age \< 18 or \> 85 years old. * Other cancer not believed by the attending surgeon to be in long-term remission.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| disease-free survival | up to 5 years after surgery | The effect of regional versus general anesthesia on the primary outcome of disease-free survival (time to the earlier or recurrence or death from any cause) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NK cell function | up to three years post procedure | Secondary outcomes measured at repeated perioperative time points, include NK cell function, immune-function markers (cytokines, cortisol) and pain. |
| Immune function markers | for up to 3 years post procedure | Secondary outcomes measured at repeated perioperative time points, include NK cell function, immune-function markers (cytokines, cortisol) and pain. |
| Pain | up to 3 years post proceudure | Secondary outcomes measured at repeated perioperative time points, include NK cell function, immune-function markers (cytokines, cortisol) and pain. |
Countries
China, United States
Outcome results
None listed