Health
Conditions
Keywords
coffee, appetite, energy intake, inflammation, cortisol, glucose, randomized controlled trial
Brief summary
The purpose of the study is to investigate whether caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption has acute effects on subjective appetite feelings, energy intake and biochemical markers related to appetite, inflammation and glucose metabolism compared to water consumption.
Detailed description
Coffee is a pharmacologically active, widely consumed beverage. Scientific interest in relation to coffee consumption has been revisited the last decade in the light of new, mainly epidemiological, evidence indicating its potential health benefits. In specific, both cross-sectional and prospective studies indicate that coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, an inverse association has been found between coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and/or diabetic participants, although the opposite effect has also been reported, mainly in relation to inflammation markers. In relation to body weight, epidemiological data suggest that increment in caffeine consumption is associated with lower mean weight gain and energy intake during a 12-y period. However, information from clinical studies is scarce. Acute caffeine and/or coffee consumption have been associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In relation to inflammation, animal studies have indicated a beneficial or no effect of coffee consumption, whereas a clinical study in humans found an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in interleukin-18 (IL-18) blood concentrations after a monthly intervention including daily consumption of 8 cups of coffee. As far as energy balance is concerned, there is an early experiment demonstrating that the ingestion of 300 mg of caffeine prior to food intake, compared to the non-caffeine intake, significantly reduced energy intake by 21.7% in men, but not in women. A more recent study has found that the combination of caffeine and red pepper is positively associated with energy expenditure and negatively with energy intake, whereas, it has also been reported a positive association between habitual caffeine intake and body weight loss achieved through a very-low-calorie diet. Taking into consideration the limited clinical evidence regarding the acute effect of coffee consumption on appetite-related markers, subsequent energy intake and inflammatory markers, we undertook a clinical study of crossover design to investigate the short-term changes on energy intake, subjective appetite ratings, appetite hormones, inflammation markers and glucose metabolism after caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption.
Interventions
OTHERcaffeinated and decaffeinated coffee
3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water
Sponsors
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Harokopio University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* healthy * non-obese
Exclusion criteria
* smokers * restrained eaters (as this was evaluated using the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and a total score \> 2.5) * those who reported slimming or any other dietary regime * abstainers from caffeine sources * athletes during competition period * participants with a known diagnosis of either hypertension, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or a fasting blood glucose concentration above 125 mg/dl * subjects on medication for hypertension or on medication known to alter glucose metabolism * subjects who were on medication that may have an impact on appetite and sensory functioning or who reported a metabolic or endocrine disease, gastrointestinal disorders, or a history of medical or surgical events that may have affected the study outcomes
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Total Energy Intake | 1 d | the energy consumed at breakfast, ad libitum meal and rest of the experimental day |
| Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 h post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Glucose Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Insulin Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion | Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption. |
| Energy ad Libitum Meal | 3 hr post ingestion | The energy of first meal 3 hr after ingestion |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve | 15 min before ingestion to 21/2 hr post ingestion | Serum samples, collected 15 min before ingestion, immediately after ingestion, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min and 150 min after ingestion were analyzed for the ex vivo serum resistance to oxidative stress, that was induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4). The analysis of all collected samples was performed by the measurement of conjugated diene formation, which was monitored for every sample of all time points every 2 min for a 3.5 h period at 234 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer. Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 min postconsumption. |
Countries
Greece
Participant flow
Recruitment details
February-Mai 2009, Athens region, voluntarily recruitment
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Group 1 | 16 |
| Total | 16 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Group 1 |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 16 Participants |
| Age Continuous | 27.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.2 |
| Region of Enrollment Greece | 16 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 16 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 16 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 16 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 16 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 16 |
Outcome results
Primary
Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 h post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve | 22.7 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve | 22.6 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 10.2 |
| Water | Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve | 22.6 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 11 |
Primary
Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve | 43.2 ug*h/dL | Standard Deviation 11.3 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve | 39.8 ug*h/dL | Standard Deviation 10.5 |
| Water | Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve | 35.0 ug*h/dL | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
Primary
Energy ad Libitum Meal
The energy of first meal 3 hr after ingestion
Time frame: 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Energy ad Libitum Meal | 1749 kcal | Standard Deviation 407 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Energy ad Libitum Meal | 1720 kcal | Standard Deviation 402 |
| Water | Energy ad Libitum Meal | 1750 kcal | Standard Deviation 442 |
Primary
Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve | 2669 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 786 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve | 2593 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 778 |
| Water | Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve | 2672 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 902 |
Primary
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve | 43 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 61 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve | 45 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 69 |
| Water | Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve | 61 ug*h/mL | Standard Deviation 122 |
Primary
Glucose Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Glucose Total Area Under the Curve | 336 mg*h/dl | Standard Deviation 22 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Glucose Total Area Under the Curve | 329 mg*h/dl | Standard Deviation 20 |
| Water | Glucose Total Area Under the Curve | 323 mg*h/dl | Standard Deviation 20 |
Primary
Insulin Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Insulin Total Area Under the Curve | 54 uU*h/ml | Standard Deviation 14 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Insulin Total Area Under the Curve | 52 uU*h/ml | Standard Deviation 16 |
| Water | Insulin Total Area Under the Curve | 52 uU*h/ml | Standard Deviation 16 |
Primary
Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve | 5.4 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve | 5.5 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Water | Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve | 6.0 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
Primary
Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve | 818 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 289 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve | 777 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 280 |
| Water | Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve | 786 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 273 |
Primary
Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve
Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve | 251 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 136 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve | 286 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 138 |
| Water | Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve | 259 pg*h/mL | Standard Deviation 158 |
Primary
Total Energy Intake
the energy consumed at breakfast, ad libitum meal and rest of the experimental day
Time frame: 1 d
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Total Energy Intake | 3223 kcal | Standard Deviation 735 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Total Energy Intake | 3445 kcal | Standard Deviation 871 |
| Water | Total Energy Intake | 3302 kcal | Standard Deviation 971 |
Secondary
Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve
Serum samples, collected 15 min before ingestion, immediately after ingestion, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min and 150 min after ingestion were analyzed for the ex vivo serum resistance to oxidative stress, that was induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4). The analysis of all collected samples was performed by the measurement of conjugated diene formation, which was monitored for every sample of all time points every 2 min for a 3.5 h period at 234 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer. Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 min postconsumption.
Time frame: 15 min before ingestion to 21/2 hr post ingestion
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeinated Coffee | Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve | 102 lag time (min) *h | Standard Deviation 30 |
| Decaffeinated Coffee | Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve | 104 lag time (min) *h | Standard Deviation 37 |
| Water | Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve | 108 lag time (min) *h | Standard Deviation 32 |