Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Sleeplessness
Conditions
Keywords
Acupuncture, Sleep, Traumatic brain injury
Brief summary
Objective: To evaluate real acupuncture, as compare to sham acupuncture, in improving persistent sleep difficulties in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) Design: Randomized, blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial Setting: Outpatient clinic at a major VA medical center in Southeast USA Participants: Sixty veterans aged 24-55 (mean 40) with history of mTBI at least 3-month and beyond, suffering from sleep difficulties refractory to regular care and sleep education, as indicated by a global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score of 14.25 + 3.23 pre-intervention (baseline). They were randomized into 2 groups, real acupuncture versus sham acupuncture, and stratified by Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosed by PTSD CheckList - Military Version (PCL-M). Intervention: Real or sham acupuncture with both standardized and individualized acupoints selection. All subjects were informed that the treatments, if effective, may improve symptoms such as pain, anxiety or depression other than sleep; real acupuncture may not be effective in some individuals, and sham acupuncture may as well be effective by mind-body interactions. Outcome Measures: Primary outcome measure was global PSQI score change after intervention as compared to baseline. Secondary outcome measure was wrist-actigraphy sleep latency, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep duration. PTSD was analyzed as a co-variant.
Interventions
OTHERAcupuncture
Treatments will be performed by the PI, who is a licensed physician acupuncturist and has practiced acupuncture independently for 5 years with about 4000 patient/visit treatment history. A total of 10 acupuncture treatments represents a reasonable approach to optimal duration of treatment. Acupoint selection will be based on a combination of standardization and individualization for best treatment effects. At least 5 standardized body and auricular acupoints will be selected. Standardized sterile, disposable acupuncture needles will be applied for 20 minutes.
OTHERSham Acupuncture
Treatments will be performed by the PI, who is a licensed physician acupuncturist and has practiced acupuncture independently for 5 years with about 4000 patient/visit treatment history. A total of 10 acupuncture treatments represent a reasonable approach to optimal duration of treatment. Acupoint selection will be based on a combination of standardization and individualization for best treatment effects. At least 5 standardized body and auricular acupoints will be selected. Standardized sterile, disposable acupuncture needles will be applied for 20 minutes. Each sham or real acupuncture needle will be applied through a tube as sham needles have blunt tip and telescopic shaft, the visual effect and percutaneous sensation of sham needle mimic the real needle penetration.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age: 18 to 55; and, * Meeting the diagnosis criteria for mild traumatic brain injury as listed above at the time of injury; and, * At or over 3 months post injury; and, * With untreated sleep complaints (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index \[PSQI\] \> 8, sleep difficulties at least 4x per week in the past month, average sleep duration of 6 hours or less); and, * Has the capacity to give informed consent. * Agree to attend 13 clinic visits
Exclusion criteria
* Same sleep complaints present prior to traumatic brain injury; or, * Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by prior sleep study; or, * With a non-daytime work-schedule; or, * With prior acupuncture experience for the treatment of sleep difficulties or with acupuncture treatment within 3 months; or, * History of bleeding diathesis or currently on anticoagulation with international normalized ratio (INR) over 2.5; or, * Severe depression with Beck Depression Score of 29 and above; or, * Moderate and severe alcohol users. * Does not have a permanent address
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| PSQI Change | Baseline and post-intervention | change of global PSQI score as compared to baseline The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The PSQI global score has a possible range of 0-21 points. Any score above 5 is considered insomnia. The higher the score the worse the condition. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Wrist Actigraphy (an Objective Sleep Measure) Sleep Efficiency | pre-intervention, post-intervention (1wk of recording each) | Wrist actigraphy is a non-invasive method of continuously monitoring gross body activities when a watch-like actimetry sensor is worn at the non-dominant wrist. An algorithm has been developed to assess sleep/wake behavior. Specifically in this study, we used Respironics® actiwatches for data collection. Subjects were asked to wear the actiwatches for a consecutive week at baseline and then at post-intervention, and the actiwatches were taken off only during showers. Wrist actigraphy was examined in association with sleep diary the subjects were to keep for the weeks of monitoring. Threshold-based method algorithm for data interpretation was provided by Respironics® Actiware Software. Medium level threshold was set to detect Wake and Sleep; sleep interval detection algorithm was set for 3 minutes of immobile minutes for Sleep Onset and 5 minutes of immobile minutes for Sleep End. Sleep efficiency is sleep duration divided by total bed time (both in minutes), times 100%. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Sham Acupuncture sham acupuncture
Sham Acupuncture: Treatments will be performed by the PI, who is a licensed physician acupuncturist and has practiced acupuncture independently for 5 years with about 4000 patient/visit treatment history. A total of 10 acupuncture treatments represent a reasonable approach to optimal duration of treatment. Acupoint selection will be based on a combination of standardization and individualization for best treatment effects. At least 5 standardized body and auricular acupoints will be selected. Standardized sterile, disposable acupuncture needles will be applied for 20 minutes. Each sham or real acupuncture needle will be applied through a tube as sham needles have blunt tip and telescopic shaft, the visual effect and percutaneous sensation of sham needle mimic the real needle penetration. | 30 |
| Arm 2: Acupuncture acupuncture
Acupuncture: Treatments will be performed by the PI, who is a licensed physician acupuncturist and has practiced acupuncture independently for 5 years with about 4000 patient/visit treatment history. A total of 10 acupuncture treatments represents a reasonable approach to optimal duration of treatment. Acupoint selection will be based on a combination of standardization and individualization for best treatment effects. At least 5 standardized body and auricular acupoints will be selected. Standardized sterile, disposable acupuncture needles will be applied for 20 minutes. | 30 |
| Total | 60 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Arm 1: Sham Acupuncture | Arm 2: Acupuncture | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 30 Participants | 30 Participants | 60 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 40 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.3 | 39.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 | 39.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | 14.33 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 | 14.17 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.41 | 14.26 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 30 Participants | 30 Participants | 60 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants | 6 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 22 Participants | 24 Participants | 46 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 3 / 30 | 8 / 30 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 30 | 0 / 30 |
Outcome results
Primary
PSQI Change
change of global PSQI score as compared to baseline The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The PSQI global score has a possible range of 0-21 points. Any score above 5 is considered insomnia. The higher the score the worse the condition.
Time frame: Baseline and post-intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm 1: Sham Acupuncture | PSQI Change | -2.38 change of points from baseline | Standard Deviation 3.41 |
| Arm 2: Acupuncture | PSQI Change | -4.43 change of points from baseline | Standard Deviation 3.86 |
Secondary
Wrist Actigraphy (an Objective Sleep Measure) Sleep Efficiency
Wrist actigraphy is a non-invasive method of continuously monitoring gross body activities when a watch-like actimetry sensor is worn at the non-dominant wrist. An algorithm has been developed to assess sleep/wake behavior. Specifically in this study, we used Respironics® actiwatches for data collection. Subjects were asked to wear the actiwatches for a consecutive week at baseline and then at post-intervention, and the actiwatches were taken off only during showers. Wrist actigraphy was examined in association with sleep diary the subjects were to keep for the weeks of monitoring. Threshold-based method algorithm for data interpretation was provided by Respironics® Actiware Software. Medium level threshold was set to detect Wake and Sleep; sleep interval detection algorithm was set for 3 minutes of immobile minutes for Sleep Onset and 5 minutes of immobile minutes for Sleep End. Sleep efficiency is sleep duration divided by total bed time (both in minutes), times 100%.
Time frame: pre-intervention, post-intervention (1wk of recording each)
Population: All obtained actigraphy data were analyzed. This form doesn't allow specific indication of sample sizes. Therefore, here overall numbers of participants analyzed were the same as the maximal potential.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm 1: Sham Acupuncture | Wrist Actigraphy (an Objective Sleep Measure) Sleep Efficiency | Pre-intervention | 73.57 percentage | Standard Deviation 13.21 |
| Arm 1: Sham Acupuncture | Wrist Actigraphy (an Objective Sleep Measure) Sleep Efficiency | Post-intervention | 67.94 percentage | Standard Deviation 13.28 |
| Arm 2: Acupuncture | Wrist Actigraphy (an Objective Sleep Measure) Sleep Efficiency | Pre-intervention | 72.57 percentage | Standard Deviation 16.41 |
| Arm 2: Acupuncture | Wrist Actigraphy (an Objective Sleep Measure) Sleep Efficiency | Post-intervention | 76.68 percentage | Standard Deviation 12.18 |