Exercise and Cognitive Training in Parkinson's Disease

Effects of Exercise and Cognitive Training on Executive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Status

Completed

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT01156714

Enrollment

Registered

2010-07-05

Start date

2010-10-01

Completion date

2017-06-30

Last updated

2019-03-05

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Parkinson's Disease

Keywords

Parkinson's Disease, Treadmill Training, Exercise, Cognitive Training, Executive Function, Dual Task

Brief summary

This study compares the effects treadmill exercise, computerized cognitive training, or the combination of the two on executive function, dual-task performance, and performance on several Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs).

Detailed description

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is recognized as both a motor and nonmotor disorder. Gait and mobility impairments are often associated with a decline of cognitive function, particularly executive function (EF), among other non-motor signs. EF is a broad category of cognitive functions that is generally defined as those processes necessary for purposeful, goal-directed behavior and supervision of ongoing cognitive processes. Deficits in EF are frequently seen early in PD4 and progress with time, often resulting in disruption of daily activities. People with PD are often impaired in real life situations in which more than one activity needs to be performed at a time. Dual tasking (DT) is defined as the performance of two different tasks simultaneously, commonly a gait plus a cognitive task. This study investigates the interaction of motor (gait) and non-motor (cognitive) impairments in PD. Studies of DT suggest that reciprocal interactions exist between gait and mental functions that are fundamental to the performance of daily activities. Therefore, the model of DT encompasses 2 major areas of PD-related impairment in a single outcome measure that is highly correlated with daily function. Performance on DT generally results in degradation of gait and/or cognitive performance. The investigators' pilot study in 125 people with PD has shown significant DT interference producing a 22% decline in gait velocity. This demonstrates deterioration of gait performance when subjects allocate attention to the cognitive task. Importantly, deficits on DT correlates with in problems in daily function, especially instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and is associated with increased risk of falling and driving impairment. Similarly, the investigators' pilot data in patients with moderate stage PD shows that deficits in DT performance are associated with poor IADL performance. Although cognitive deficits contribute to disability in PD, there are no treatments that effectively address this problem, and no studies have systematically investigated the potential benefits of rehabilitation strategies to improve cognitive function and related disability in this population. Emerging evidence suggests the potential of physical exercise and cognitive training to improve cognitive function in healthy elderly and individuals with chronic neurologic conditions. A Cochrane meta-analysis on the cognitive effects of aerobic exercise in older adults has shown that improvement of peak VO2 levels by a mean of 14% (range 5-20%) was associated with improvement in cognitive function, particularly EF domains including speed of motor processing and attention. These are the same EF domains in which deficits commonly occur in PD. Pilot data from the investigators' Baltimore VA study show that the investigators can reproduce similar gains in cardiopulmonary fitness in PD, as reported in the Cochrane review, with a 3-month aerobic exercise program. The investigators' group has also reported improvement of selected EF domains (attention and speed of processing) following 2 months of aerobic exercise in stroke patients12. Cognitive training is another potential rehabilitation modality to improve cognitive function. Recent studies in numerous neurological conditions and healthy older adults show that cognitive training improves cognition, with EF most likely to respond among all cognitive domains. In this project, the investigators are comparing the effectiveness of a treadmill aerobic exercise program (TAEX) versus a cognitive training program (TCOG) versus the combination of TAEX + TCOG for improving EF, DT performance and IADLs in the investigators' sample of Veterans and others with PD. The investigators' fundamental hypothesis is that 3 months of combined TAEX+TCOG will be most effective in improving EF, DT performance, and IADLs, compared to either regimen alone.

Interventions

BEHAVIORALCombination of treadmill training and computerized memory

both exercise and cognitive computer training

BEHAVIORALTreadmill training with aerobic exercise

walk on treadmill for aerobic exercise

BEHAVIORALMemory training with computerized memory program

memory testing and training on computer program

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

40 Years to 90 Years

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* Parkinson's disease stage 1-3 Hoehn and Yahr * Balance problems

Exclusion criteria

* unstable medical illness * unstable psychiatric illness * exercising too much on own * doing computerized memory training on own

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Dual Task Function #1	baseline and 3 months	Dual task tested functional and cognitive performance while walking and talking simultaneously. Walking spatial and temporal parameters were measured using the Gaitrite 24 foot gaitmat with existing hardware and software for analysis. Cycle time refers to the amount of time taken for a participant to complete a single stride. Lower scores indicate better outcomes. The range of scores for Cycle Time is: Pre (0.73-2.47), Post (0.72-1.45).
Dual Task Function #2	baseline and 3 months	Dual task tested functional and cognitive performance while walking and talking simultaneously. Walking spatial and temporal parameters were measured using the Gaitrite 24 foot gaitmat with existing hardware and software for analysis. Velocity was calculated by dividing the distance by the time it takes to travel that same distance, with consideration for direction. Higher values represent better outcomes. The range of scores for this study was: Pre (36.4 - 269.4), Post (76.3 - 267.6).
Cognitive Function #1	baseline and 3 months	2-Choice Reaction Time measures patients' ability to shift mental set. One of two stimuli are presented on the screen (+ or \*). Subjects press a specified response button on the keyboard corresponding to the presented stimulus. Units are Throughput, which reflects efficiency of performance by being based on both accuracy and speed. Throughput represents correct responses/ minute.
Cognitive Function #2	baseline and 3 months	The Stroop is a measure of selective attention and cognitive flexibility in which the subject must inhibit a preponderant response. Subjects are asked to complete three parts under timed conditions: (1) reading words describing colors written in black-and-white, (2) naming those colors when printed as X's, (3) naming the ink color when words describing the colors are mismatched with the colors (suppressing verbal content). Stroop interference scores from condition 3 are t-scores and higher scores equate with better outcomes.
Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (TIADL) Function #1	baseline and 3 months	The Timed IADL involves the timing of performance of 5 tasks that mimic everyday instrumental activities of daily living: 1) finding a telephone number in the telephone directory, 2) counting out correct change from a group of coins, 3) finding then reading the ingredients on a food can label, 4) finding two food items in an array of food items (shopping), 5) finding then reading the directions on a medicine container. For each task there is a 2 minute time limit, with the exception of the telephone number task which has a limit of 3 mins. If the task is not completed within the time limit it is terminated. Error codes are assigned for each task. For the tasks completed with minor errors, a time penalty of 1 SD of those who completed the task is added to the completion time. Higher single item scores mean worse performance.The times for each of the tasks are transformed into Z scores which are then summed to form a composite score. Range for shopping item (0.61- 69.9 sec)
Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (TIADL) Function #2	baseline and 3 months	The Timed IADL for Shopping involved finding two food items in an array of food items. The task was timed in seconds and if completed with minor errors, a time penalty was added to the completion time. Higher scores/times meant worse performance. The range for shopping task completion was 0.61 to 69.9 seconds.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Arm 1: Treadmill Training Treadmill training with aerobic exercise treadmill training: walk on treadmill for aerobic exercise	20
Arm 2: Memory Training Memory training with computerized memory program computerized memory training: memory testing and training on computer program	19
Arm 3: Treadmill and Memory Training Combination of treadmill training and computerized memory program treadmill training: walk on treadmill for aerobic exercise computerized memory training: memory testing and training on computer program	20
Total	59

Withdrawals & dropouts

Period	Reason	FG000	FG001	FG002
Overall Study	Withdrawal by Subject	9	4	3

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Arm 1: Treadmill Training	Total	Arm 3: Treadmill and Memory Training	Arm 2: Memory Training
Age, Continuous	63.2 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.28	67.00 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.36	64.55 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.07	73.68 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.38
Hoehn & Yahr Parkinson's Disease Severity Rating	2.34 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.41	2.42 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.55	2.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.54	2.42 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.42
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	2 Participants	3 Participants	1 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	3 Participants	9 Participants	1 Participants	5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	15 Participants	47 Participants	18 Participants	14 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	6 Participants	15 Participants	4 Participants	5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	14 Participants	44 Participants	16 Participants	14 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk	EG002 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	0 / 20	0 / 19	0 / 20
other Total, other adverse events	5 / 20	3 / 19	4 / 20
serious Total, serious adverse events	0 / 20	0 / 19	1 / 20

Outcome results

Primary

Cognitive Function #1

2-Choice Reaction Time measures patients' ability to shift mental set. One of two stimuli are presented on the screen (+ or \*). Subjects press a specified response button on the keyboard corresponding to the presented stimulus. Units are Throughput, which reflects efficiency of performance by being based on both accuracy and speed. Throughput represents correct responses/ minute.