ALS, Quadriplegia, Spinal Cord Injury
Conditions
Keywords
Disability, Quadriplegia, Paralysis, Assistive technology, Quality of life, Computer access, Wheeled mobility
Brief summary
This study was intended to evaluate a new assistive neuro-technology, known as the Tongue Drive System (TDS), by its potential end-users, i.e. individuals with severe disabilities, who are the best experts for indicating the benefits and possible shortcomings of any new ANT. Our goal is to assess the acceptability and usability of the TDS for various tasks that are important in daily lives of these individuals, such as computer access, wheeled mobility, and environmental control.
Detailed description
A new assistive neuro-technology (ANT), called the Tongue Drive System (TDS), enables individuals with severe disability access their environment with nothing but their tongue motion. The human tongue is inherently capable of sophisticated control and manipulation tasks with many degrees of freedom. It can move rapidly and accurately within the mouth such that the tip can touch every single tooth. The direct connection between the brain and the tongue generally allows it to escape damage even in severe spinal cord injuries (SCI). Unlike the brain, the tongue is accessible, and its location inside the mouth affords a degree of privacy. TDS consists of a magnetic tracer, the size of a lentil, attached to the tongue by gluing, implantation, or piercing. The tracer generates a magnetic field inside and around the mouth that is detected by an array of magnetic sensors mounted on a wireless headset. Tongue-movement-induced changes in the magnetic field are sent wirelessly to an ultra-mobile computer or smartphone, carried by the user, which processes and translates every tongue motion to a particular user-defined function. Once an individual with disability is enabled to access a computing device, he/she can nearly do everything that an able-bodied individual can do with that device. This includes communicating, education, training, entertainment, and controlling other devices such as powered wheelchairs (PWC), assistive robotic manipulators, and other home/office appliances on a local area network (LAN). Even the individual's own natural or prosthetic limbs can be manipulated to move by functional electrical stimulation (FES). This study was intended to evaluate the TDS by the ultimate intended users, individuals with severe disabilities, who are the best experts for indicating the benefits and possible shortcomings of any new ANT. Our goal is to assess the acceptability and usability of the TDS for various tasks that are important in daily life such as computer access, wheeled mobility, and environmental control. Three groups of subjects were recruited: Group-A: Able-bodied subjects who already have tongue piercing Group-B: Able-bodied subjects who wanted to receive tongue piercing as part of this trial Group-C: Subjects with high-level disability, who wanted to receive tongue piercing as part of this trial Each group of subjects participated in a battery of tasks that quantitatively measures their performance in accessing computers and driving wheelchairs using the TDS. We also devised acceptable procedures for receiving a magnetic tongue piercing (required in order to use the TDS), and assess its potential safety issues.
Interventions
PROCEDURETongue Piercing
Subjects brush their teeth, and then swish and spit with chlorhexidine mouthwash for 30-60s. Subjects would be placed in a semirecumbent position in a procedure chair. After marking the piercing site using a sterilized surgical marking pen the protruded tongue would be pierced. Anesthesia may be used during the piercing at the discretion of the operator and the subject. A sterilized titanium or surgical grade stainless steel piercing tongue stud would be placed in an appropriate position on the tongue to minimize complications from the piercing but also facilitate good functionality of the TDS.
DEVICEUsability assessment
Computer access: Subjects wear the TDS and get trained. Then they sit 1.5 m from a 22 LCD monitor. Then they use TDS to conduct several tasks using their tongues, such as clicking on target objects and navigating through on-screen maze, while the computer registers their tongue commands and measures their performance. Wheelchair control: Subjects wear the TDS and use it to drive an electrically powered wheelchair through an obstacle course using their tongues. The operator measured the time it takes for the subjects to drive through the course as well as the number of collisions.
Sponsors
Shepherd Center, Atlanta GA
Northwestern University
Shirley Ryan AbilityLab
University of Arizona
Georgia Institute of Technology
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion group-A: * Age 18-65 * Able-bodied with a tongue piercing Must have had the tongue piercing for at least 3 months and still be using it * Piercing is located in the midline of the tongue between the tip and the frenulum, almost in the center of the mouth * Can understand and speak English * Have some experience in using computers Inclusion group-B: * Age 18-65 * No overt sign of disability or neurological disease * Do not have a tongue piercing, but are willing to receive one in the midline between the tip and lingual frenulum, almost in the center of the mouth * Can understand and speak English * Have some experience in using computers Inclusion group-C: * Age 18-65 * Have mobility limitations requiring a power wheel chair and also have inadequate upper limb strength to manage a hand or arm control i.e. have severe motor disabilities and need alternative control * Either using or suitable for an alternative control * Able to follow simple commands * Sitting tolerance of at least 4 hours (each experiment session will be no more than 4 hours and the researcher follows the standard pressure relief schedule) * Have some experience in using computers * Be able to move the tongue * Be able to speak or respond to questions by themselves or through an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device * Be able to give consent * Be able to have a caregiver, who can respond immediately in the event of an emergency, available during the period of the study. * Can understand and speak English * Have or are willing to receive a tongue piercing in the midline between the tip and the lingual frenulum, almost in the center of the mouth
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion Group-A: * Original tongue piercing and the insertion site is too wide. * Ongoing difficulties with current tongue jewelry * Tongue piercing not located in the correct position on the tongue * No experience with computers or illiterate * Severe hearing or visual deficiency or impairing neurological disease * Have any ongoing systemic condition deemed to be relevant by the local investigator-clinician * Is pregnant * Cognitive impairment so that unable to follow simple commands * Wounds or ulcers on the head or in the mouth or on the tongue * Using sensitive electronic implantable medical device such as a deep brain stimulator or a pacemaker in the upper body * Intra-oral space occupying lesion or orthodontic appliance * Unable to come to GT or RIC on a regular basis during the study-period * Miss more than two appointments without prior notification * Unable to comply with any of the procedures in the protocol Exclusion Group-B: * Tongue too short or the tongue web too far extended, making tongue piercing difficult * Have a torus mandibularis or palatini or other space-occupying intra-oral lesion or orthodontic appliance * No experience with computers or illiterate * Severe hearing or visual deficiency or impairing neurological disease * Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, artificial heart valve, congenital heart disease * On an immunosuppressive medication or otherwise immunocompromised * Diabetic or have any other ongoing systemic condition deemed to be relevant by the local investigator-clinician * Ongoing neoplastic disease other than localized basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin * Have known asthma, physical urticaria or angioedema * Have any current infectious condition * Cognitive impairment to the extent that cannot follow simple commands * Is pregnant * Wounds or ulcers on the head or in the mouth or on the tongue * Using sensitive electronic implantable medical device such as a deep brain stimulator or a pacemaker in the upper body * Space occupying orthodontic appliances * Unable to come SCA or NU for a tongue piercing, 72 hour visit and to GTB or RIC on a regular basis during the study-period * Miss more than two appointments without prior notification * Unable to comply with any of the procedures in the protocol Exclusion Group-C: * Unable to move the tongue * Have a large object or tube in the mouth blocking tongue motion * Tongue or tongue frenulum short or the tongue frenulum extended far forward, making tongue piercing difficult * Have a torus mandibularis or palatini or other space-occupying intra-oral lesion or orthodontic appliance * Medically or mentally unstable * Known sensitivity or allergy to an adhesive * Using a halo brace or facial pads that would block the use of a headset or headgear * Cognitive impairment to the extent that the subject cannot follow simple commands * Severe hearing or visual deficiency * Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, artificial heart valve, congenital heart disease * On any form of anticoagulation including but not limited to warfarin, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, factor Xa inhibitors, aspirin, aspirin-containing products, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications that the subject's supervising attending physician states cannot be stopped during the pre-piercing period which may include not only the appropriate medication-specific washout period before the piercing but also up to 5 days after the procedure. * On an immunosuppressive or otherwise immunocompromised * Have a decubitus ulcer stage III or higher or a decubitus ulcer of any stage that is worsening. * Diabetic or have any other ongoing systemic condition, as deemed to be relevant by the local investigator-clinician * Ongoing neoplastic disease other than localized basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin * Have known asthma, physical urticaria or angioedema * Have any current infectious condition * Is pregnant * No experience with computers or illiterate * Using a sensitive electronic implantable medical device such as a deep brain stimulator or a pacemaker in the upper body * Unable to sit for 4 hours with pressure relief * Wounds or ulcers on the head or in the mouth or on the tongue * No continuous access to a caregiver * Unable to come to the SCA or NMH for a three day stay for tongue piercing and to SCA or RIC on a regular basis during the study-period * Miss more than three appointments without prior notification * Unable to comply with any of the procedures in the protocol
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Horizontal Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Horizontal Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Vertical Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Vertical Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The movement time is the cursor movement time from the initial movement to the final movement for each target. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Multi-directional Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | 24 months | Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Multi-directional Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 24 months | Computer randomly highlights one out of six or four commands and the subjects issue that particular command using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Subjects are given a time period (T). The time intervals for the TDS:(Group-A)2.0s,1.5s,1.0s,(Group-B &-C)1.0s,0.7s,0.5s, SnP:(Group-C)1.2s,1.0s,0.7s. The saturated results were observed from the second session during Group-A trials. Therefore, we reduced the time period from the Group-B trial. Moreover, the SnP device needs a certain time period to issue a command and we observed that the minimum possible time period was 0.7 seconds. At the end the percentage of correctly selected commands is calculated and fed into an equation along with the time given to the subjects for each selection.Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 24 months | Computer randomly highlights one out of six or four commands and the subjects issue that particular command using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Subjects are given a time period (T). The time intervals for the TDS:(Group-A)2.0s,1.5s,1.0s,(Group-B &-C)1.0s,0.7s,0.5s,SnP:(Group-C)1.2s,1.0s,0.7s. The saturated results were observed from the second session during Group-A trials. Therefore, we reduced the time period from the Group-B trial. Moreover, the SnP device needs a certain time period to issue a command and we observed that the minimum possible time period was 0.7 seconds. At the end the percentage of correctly selected commands is calculated and fed into an equation along with the time given to the subjects for each selection.Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | 24 months | Subjects were instructed to use four directional commands (Left, Right, Up, and Down) to move the mouse cursor using the tongue drive system (TDS), keypad, and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) as fast and accurately as possible on a maze. One out of eight maze patterns was randomly selected in each round. The performance measures were completion time (CT) from start to end and sum of deviation (SoD) from the track. SoD was calculated as the sum of all areas between the actual trajectory of the cursor when it was out of the track and the closest edge of the track divided by 1000. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | 24 months | Subjects were instructed to use four directional commands (Left, Right, Up, and Down) to move the mouse cursor using the tongue drive system (TDS), keypad, and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) as fast and accurately as possible on a maze. One out of eight maze patterns was randomly selected in each round. The performance measures were completion time (CT) from start to end and sum of deviation (SoD) from the track. SoD was calculated as the sum of all areas between the actual trajectory of the cursor when it was out of the track and the closest edge of the track divided by 1000. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | 24 months | An obstacle course will be laid out in an open space and the subjects drive an electric powered wheelchair using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) to drive through the obstacle course. The operator measured the amount of time it takes for the subjects to begin and return back to the starting point and counts the number of collisions with the obstacles. Unlatched and latched: utilize four TDS commands for forward, backward, left, and right motions. Unlatched: hold their tongue to keep the PWC moving. Latched: (5 linear speed levels:Backward, Stop, Forward-1, Forward-2, and Forward-3) Issuing the forward or backward commands can increase or decrease the linear speed. Semi-proportional: Quickly touching the left and right cheeks- forward or backward commands, sliding tongue over the lip- steer the PWC to the left or right. Group-A&-B:5 consecutive TDS trials (intervals ranging from two to ten days) Group-C:computer and PWC within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | 24 months | An obstacle course will be laid out in an open space and the subjects drive an electric powered wheelchair using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) to drive through the obstacle course. The operator measured the amount of time it takes for the subjects to begin and return back to the starting point and counts the number of collisions with the obstacles. Unlatched and latched: utilize four TDS commands for forward, backward, left, and right motions. Unlatched: hold their tongue to keep the PWC moving. Latched: (5 linear speed levels:Backward, Stop, Forward-1, Forward-2, and Forward-3) Issuing the forward or backward commands can increase or decrease the linear speed. Semi-proportional: Quickly touching the left and right cheeks- forward or backward commands, sliding tongue over the lip- steer the PWC to the left or right. Group-A&-B:5 consecutive TDS trials (intervals ranging from two to ten days) Group-C:computer and PWC within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | 24 months | Randomly selected ten-digit target phone number was visually prompted on the top of the smartphone screen, and the subject entered the same number in the following line as quickly and as accurately as possible. If the wrong number was registered, then the subjects were allowed to delete the one by issuing the deleting command.At the end of the number entering, the subject needs to move the cursor at the green colored CALL button, in the middle of the bottom line, and it should be selected to complete the trial. The completion time and error rate were considered to evaluate the performance. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | 24 months | The TDS commands were designated to change the wheelchair mode from driving to tilting and to control the wheelchair angle. The completion time was from the initial mode change to the end of the weight shifting. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks. |
| Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | 24 months | Q1.How much thought was necessary to decide where to put your tongue to issue a specific command?1:A lot,5:A Little Q2.Was the speed of the movement of the cursor on the computer screen:1:Too slow,3:Just right,5:Too fast Q3.How difficult was pointing accurately at specific targets on the computer screen?1:Very difficult,5:Very easy Q4.Accurately guiding the powered wheelchair through the obstacle course was:1:Very difficult,5:Very easy Q4.Accurately guiding the powered wheelchair through the obstacle course was:1: Very difficult,5:Very easy (TDS:Q4-1.Unlatched,Q4-2.Latched,Q4-3.Semi-pro,SnP:Q4-4.Latched) Q5.Was the speed of the wheelchair:1:Too slow,5:Too fast Q6.Was the movement of the wheelchair:1:Very jerky,5:Very smooth Q7.Was TDS effective in dialing phone numbers:1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective Q8.Was TDS effective in doing the weight shift:1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Able-bodied subjects (groups A and B) were recruited by using local IRB-approved flyers, emails, and electronically distributed documents. Subjects with spinal cord injuries were recruited from the in- and outpatient departments of the Shepherd Center and the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. (May. 2010 - March. 2012)
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing Able-bodied subjects who already have tongue piercing. | 14 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing: Able-bodied subjects who willing to receive a tongue piercing for this study. | 9 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury Persons with mobility limitations requiring power wheel chair, able to move tongue, able to follow simple commands, and have some experience with computers. All participants willingly received a mid-line tongue piercing. | 11 |
| Total | 34 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Overall Study | medical issue unrelated to the study | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Overall Study | piercing track closed | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 6 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing: | Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury | Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 9 Participants | 11 Participants | 13 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Age Continuous | 22.56 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 | 38.30 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.25 | 23.12 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.85 | 27.61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.72 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 9 participants | 11 participants | 14 participants | 34 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 10 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants | 17 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 16 | 0 / 24 | 0 / 21 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 16 | 0 / 24 | 0 / 21 |
Outcome results
Primary
Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time)
An obstacle course will be laid out in an open space and the subjects drive an electric powered wheelchair using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) to drive through the obstacle course. The operator measured the amount of time it takes for the subjects to begin and return back to the starting point and counts the number of collisions with the obstacles. Unlatched and latched: utilize four TDS commands for forward, backward, left, and right motions. Unlatched: hold their tongue to keep the PWC moving. Latched: (5 linear speed levels:Backward, Stop, Forward-1, Forward-2, and Forward-3) Issuing the forward or backward commands can increase or decrease the linear speed. Semi-proportional: Quickly touching the left and right cheeks- forward or backward commands, sliding tongue over the lip- steer the PWC to the left or right. Group-A&-B:5 consecutive TDS trials (intervals ranging from two to ten days) Group-C:computer and PWC within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (unlatched) | 169.21 seconds | Standard Deviation 25.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (unlatched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (semi-pro) | 196.54 seconds | Standard Deviation 16.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (semi-pro) | 178.58 seconds | Standard Deviation 14.42 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (latched) | 230.29 seconds | Standard Deviation 48.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (semi-pro) | 177.75 seconds | Standard Deviation 11.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 178.83 seconds | Standard Deviation 14.7 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 175.25 seconds | Standard Deviation 17.07 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (latched) | 192.46 seconds | Standard Deviation 27.5 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (semi-pro) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (unlatched) | 173.46 seconds | Standard Deviation 30.27 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (latched) | 196.08 seconds | Standard Deviation 35.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (latched) | 181.42 seconds | Standard Deviation 26.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (unlatched) | 198.17 seconds | Standard Deviation 34.01 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (latched) | 179.13 seconds | Standard Deviation 23.22 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (unlatched) | 170.00 seconds | Standard Deviation 38.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (unlatched) | 160.08 seconds | Standard Deviation 18.22 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (unlatched) | 179.74 seconds | Standard Deviation 22.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (latched) | 200.96 seconds | Standard Deviation 39.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (unlatched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (unlatched) | 179.39 seconds | Standard Deviation 29.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (semi-pro) | 232.75 seconds | Standard Deviation 66.47 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (unlatched) | 194.93 seconds | Standard Deviation 29.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (semi-pro) | 205.44 seconds | Standard Deviation 32.64 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (latched) | 193.75 seconds | Standard Deviation 37.92 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (unlatched) | 240.85 seconds | Standard Deviation 81.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (semi-pro) | 206.71 seconds | Standard Deviation 30.35 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (latched) | 260.86 seconds | Standard Deviation 84.97 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 196.57 seconds | Standard Deviation 28.86 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (latched) | 174.33 seconds | Standard Deviation 34.15 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using SnP (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 177.50 seconds | Standard Deviation 37.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (unlatched) | 154.59 seconds | Standard Deviation 23.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (latched) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (semi-pro) | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (latched) | 210.22 seconds | Standard Deviation 34.42 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 204.96 seconds | Standard Deviation 35.23 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (unlatched) | 219.46 seconds | Standard Deviation 56.02 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (unlatched) | 186.04 seconds | Standard Deviation 18.25 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (unlatched) | 183.70 seconds | Standard Deviation 23.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (unlatched) | 181.24 seconds | Standard Deviation 27.39 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (unlatched) | 170.76 seconds | Standard Deviation 19.76 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (latched) | 295.54 seconds | Standard Deviation 151.08 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (latched) | 264.78 seconds | Standard Deviation 107.65 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (latched) | 228.78 seconds | Standard Deviation 101.65 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (latched) | 217.63 seconds | Standard Deviation 84.98 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (latched) | 189.52 seconds | Standard Deviation 19.68 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS (latched) | 179.37 seconds | Standard Deviation 23.16 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using SnP (latched) | 234.97 seconds | Standard Deviation 70.94 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using SnP (latched) | 213.28 seconds | Standard Deviation 68.29 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using SnP (latched) | 196.24 seconds | Standard Deviation 37.78 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using SnP (latched) | 183.98 seconds | Standard Deviation 36.22 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using SnP (latched) | 191.43 seconds | Standard Deviation 38.12 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using SnP (latched) | 182.33 seconds | Standard Deviation 21.34 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (semi-pro) | 319.21 seconds | Standard Deviation 112.7 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS (semi-pro) | 239.18 seconds | Standard Deviation 62.38 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS (semi-pro) | 233.92 seconds | Standard Deviation 60 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 212.67 seconds | Standard Deviation 44.9 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 181.18 seconds | Standard Deviation 27.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS (unlatched) | 253.45 seconds | Standard Deviation 70.11 |
Primary
Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors)
An obstacle course will be laid out in an open space and the subjects drive an electric powered wheelchair using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) to drive through the obstacle course. The operator measured the amount of time it takes for the subjects to begin and return back to the starting point and counts the number of collisions with the obstacles. Unlatched and latched: utilize four TDS commands for forward, backward, left, and right motions. Unlatched: hold their tongue to keep the PWC moving. Latched: (5 linear speed levels:Backward, Stop, Forward-1, Forward-2, and Forward-3) Issuing the forward or backward commands can increase or decrease the linear speed. Semi-proportional: Quickly touching the left and right cheeks- forward or backward commands, sliding tongue over the lip- steer the PWC to the left or right. Group-A&-B:5 consecutive TDS trials (intervals ranging from two to ten days) Group-C:computer and PWC within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (latched) | 3.50 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.06 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (unlatched) | 1.17 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (unlatched) | 1.08 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (unlatched) | 1.04 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (unlatched) | 0.75 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (unlatched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (unlatched) | 2.67 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (latched) | 1.83 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (latched) | 1.38 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (latched) | 0.71 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (latched) | 0.96 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (semi-pro) | 2.08 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (semi-pro) | 1.00 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (semi-pro) | 0.96 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 1.00 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 0.88 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (semi-pro) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 1.89 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (unlatched) | 8.44 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 5.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (unlatched) | 6.59 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 6.76 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (latched) | 3.70 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (semi-pro) | 2.00 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (unlatched) | 3.96 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 4.07 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 1.71 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (unlatched) | 2.58 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (latched) | 3.71 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.16 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (unlatched) | 2.22 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.14 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (unlatched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (latched) | 4.79 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.72 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (semi-pro) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (latched) | 7.80 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 6.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using SnP (latched) | NA Navigation Errors | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (semi-pro) | 2.52 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (latched) | 6.00 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (semi-pro) | 2.92 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 1.76 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (latched) | 7.16 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 5 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (latched) | 7.03 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (latched) | 6.78 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 9.51 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (latched) | 3.06 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.17 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (semi-pro) | 5.79 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.85 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (latched) | 2.06 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 2.97 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.56 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using SnP (latched) | 4.27 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.06 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using SnP (latched) | 3.30 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (semi-pro) | 5.15 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.76 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using SnP (latched) | 3.82 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.92 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 3.12 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using SnP (latched) | 2.39 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.59 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (unlatched) | 8.76 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 5.04 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | second session using TDS (unlatched) | 7.48 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 4.85 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using SnP (latched) | 2.97 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | third session using TDS (unlatched) | 5.82 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 5.04 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (semi-pro) | 3.64 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.97 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fourth session using TDS (unlatched) | 5.06 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 4.03 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | fifth session using TDS (unlatched) | 2.97 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.56 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using SnP (latched) | 2.61 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | sixth session using TDS (unlatched) | 2.76 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.46 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (latched) | 10.61 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 7.61 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors) | first session using TDS (semi-pro) | 7.81 Navigation Errors | Standard Deviation 3.94 |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 17.52 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 9.15 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | sixth session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 12.66 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 23.02 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.47 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 11.81 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.95 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 9.67 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.61 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 37.65 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 15.14 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 7.69 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 19.71 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 6.72 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 4.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 4.46 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.63 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 27.33 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 12.18 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 41.41 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 20.38 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 2.95 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 6.68 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.38 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 19.84 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 2.38 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 32.61 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 12.51 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 2.08 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.57 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 4.86 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.04 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 23.87 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.39 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 25.17 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 13.93 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | sixth session using SnP | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 1.33 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 1.51 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | sixth session using SnP | 16.52 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 12.52 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 61.98 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 26.32 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 55.05 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 24.75 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 48.15 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 25.29 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 41.44 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 23.4 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 36.54 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 22.34 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | 39.00 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 27.32 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | first session using SnP | 42.50 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 25.34 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | second session using SnP | 31.71 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 20.8 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | third session using SnP | 26.67 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 19.96 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fourth session using SnP | 20.69 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 15.41 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate) | fifth session using SnP | 19.83 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 18 |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The movement time is the cursor movement time from the initial movement to the final movement for each target. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using TDS | 1.26 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using TDS | 1.33 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using TDS | 1.30 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using TDS | 1.34 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using TDS | 1.70 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | sixth session using TDS | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using keypad | 1.29 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using keypad | 1.22 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using keypad | 1.21 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using keypad | 1.22 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using keypad | 1.18 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using mouse | 0.66 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | sixth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | sixth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using TDS | 1.29 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using keypad | 0.88 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using TDS | 1.22 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using TDS | 1.21 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using keypad | 0.87 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using TDS | 1.22 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using keypad | 0.95 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using TDS | 1.18 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using keypad | 0.97 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using mouse | 0.78 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | sixth session using TDS | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using keypad | 1.29 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.39 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | sixth session using TDS | 2.75 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using SnP | 3.81 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | sixth session using SnP | 3.79 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using SnP | 3.69 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using mouse | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using TDS | 4.00 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using TDS | 3.18 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | first session using SnP | 4.48 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | third session using TDS | 3.12 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fourth session using TDS | 2.81 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using TDS | 2.75 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | second session using SnP | 4.14 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time) | fifth session using SnP | 3.64 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 1.58 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 1.23 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 1.39 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 1.41 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 0.83 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 1.44 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 1.74 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 1.82 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 1.93 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 2.03 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 3.86 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | sixth session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | sixth session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 0.77 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 3.02 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 0.96 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 1.10 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 3.05 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 1.29 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 2.83 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using SnP | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 1.41 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 2.60 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 3.31 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 2.13 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | 0.81 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using SnP | 0.45 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | sixth session using SnP | 0.52 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using SnP | 0.51 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using mouse | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 0.37 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 0.52 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | first session using SnP | 0.31 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 0.51 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 0.73 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 0.75 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | second session using SnP | 0.42 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput) | fifth session using SnP | 0.52 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Horizontal Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 29.14 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 13.96 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 24.08 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 17.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 24.64 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 14.89 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 20.74 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 14.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 17.96 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 9.49 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.96 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 6.94 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.21 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 6.70 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.12 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 5.03 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 4.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 4.99 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 4.27 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 9.24 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 11.91 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 2.14 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.14 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 23.85 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 11.04 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 10.63 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.35 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 5.97 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 3.96 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 18.36 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.11 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 6.24 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.19 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 13.70 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.14 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 8.44 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.4 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 16.34 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.26 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 14.90 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 9.34 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 8.12 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.54 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 24.01 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 14.16 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 18.45 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 9.83 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | 19.81 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 12.63 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 37.84 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 21.65 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 30.62 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 18.02 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 28.77 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 17.72 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Horizontal Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 1.97 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 2.04 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.39 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 2.34 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 2.37 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 2.44 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 2.85 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 2.96 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 3.09 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 3.14 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 3.17 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 3.89 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 4.17 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 2.03 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 3.49 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 3.84 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 2.22 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 3.84 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 2.48 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 3.69 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 2.47 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 2.54 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 3.81 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 2.14 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 2.09 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | 2.22 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 1.54 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 1.75 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 1.90 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | NA bits per second | — |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Multi-directional Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 32.67 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 19.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 21.56 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 13.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 18.42 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 14.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 18.00 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 15.27 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 14.67 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 13.99 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 7.25 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 6.38 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.73 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 3.99 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.26 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 3.65 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 4.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 4.96 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 6.77 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.13 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 2.78 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 3.21 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 21.34 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 14.17 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 2.62 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 3.38 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 1.30 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 14.27 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 9.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 1.44 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.06 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 10.73 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 1.64 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 6.86 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 8.08 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 1.84 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.37 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 27.88 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 25.15 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 29.47 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 20.13 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | 29.10 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 24.28 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 54.91 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 22.34 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 51.52 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 27.88 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 37.27 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 19.88 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Multi-directional Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 0.40 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 0.62 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 0.77 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 0.85 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 0.98 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 0.88 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 1.03 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 1.11 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 1.19 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.18 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 1.16 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 4.32 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 4.06 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 0.80 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 1.44 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 1.85 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 0.93 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 1.87 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 1.05 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 1.69 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 1.16 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 1.10 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 1.86 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 0.65 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 0.64 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | 0.73 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 0.39 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 0.42 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 0.45 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | NA bits per second | — |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Vertical Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 21.83 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 13.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 20.30 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 13.55 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 5.47 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.42 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 5.83 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 5.02 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.37 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 26.16 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 15.39 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 14.77 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 11.79 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 22.72 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 12.43 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 9.91 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 8.92 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 8.95 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.91 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 6.16 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.02 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 12.67 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.52 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | 6.41 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.55 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 10.97 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.71 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 19.47 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 9.95 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | 6.00 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 4.82 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 10.97 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 10.06 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | 10.43 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 7.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | 7.27 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 6.01 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 15.88 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 11.74 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | 8.26 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 5.72 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | 2.13 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 2.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using mouse | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using TDS | 38.95 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 19.61 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using TDS | 30.37 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 17.31 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using TDS | 26.67 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 15.57 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using TDS | 23.77 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 11.32 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using TDS | 21.90 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 11.35 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | sixth session using TDS | 19.99 Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | Standard Deviation 12.44 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | first session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | second session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | third session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fourth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate) | fifth session using keypad | NA Percentage of Missed Targets (%) | — |
Primary
Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Vertical Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is bits per second. The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 2.14 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 2.27 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 2.31 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 2.44 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 2.61 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 2.84 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 2.90 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 3.03 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 3.10 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 3.11 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 4.28 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | 4.32 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 2.22 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | 3.46 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | 3.85 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 2.54 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | NA bits per second | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | 3.93 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 2.74 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | 3.88 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 2.69 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 2.76 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | 3.96 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using TDS | 1.97 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using TDS | 2.01 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fourth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | sixth session using TDS | 2.18 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | fifth session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using TDS | 1.44 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | second session using TDS | 1.77 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using keypad | NA bits per second | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | third session using TDS | 1.79 bits per second | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput) | first session using mouse | NA bits per second | — |
Primary
Information Transfer Rate (ITR)
Computer randomly highlights one out of six or four commands and the subjects issue that particular command using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Subjects are given a time period (T). The time intervals for the TDS:(Group-A)2.0s,1.5s,1.0s,(Group-B &-C)1.0s,0.7s,0.5s, SnP:(Group-C)1.2s,1.0s,0.7s. The saturated results were observed from the second session during Group-A trials. Therefore, we reduced the time period from the Group-B trial. Moreover, the SnP device needs a certain time period to issue a command and we observed that the minimum possible time period was 0.7 seconds. At the end the percentage of correctly selected commands is calculated and fed into an equation along with the time given to the subjects for each selection.Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 74.74 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 6.38 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 131.77 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 24.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 140.31 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 19.85 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 138.62 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 17.13 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 146.82 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 16.34 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 75.47 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 6.66 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 146.37 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 14.43 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 74.33 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 5.99 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 74.89 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 7.04 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 96.13 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 14.07 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.29 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 8.9 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.14 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 10.16 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 75.53 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 5.18 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 100.34 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 7.82 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 101.40 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 128.40 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 23.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 146.34 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 12.4 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 146.99 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 15.44 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 146.29 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 14.18 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 146.45 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 12.83 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 184.28 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 37.04 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 208.64 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 19.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 208.15 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 19.35 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 209.85 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 18.94 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 208.45 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 20.4 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 258.08 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 47.1 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 279.59 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 39.96 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 277.63 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 42.97 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 282.89 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 33.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 283.06 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 37.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA bits per minute | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 198.45 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 77.99 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 54.70 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 23.15 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 141.27 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 53.89 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 54.30 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 30.86 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 18.12 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 21.88 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 120.41 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 43.85 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 39.89 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 37.63 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 39.87 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 31.31 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 106.73 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 36.05 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 127.83 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 28.02 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 52.03 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 29.57 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 133.28 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 24.46 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 28.81 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 35.64 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 57.79 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 22.72 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 57.73 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 24.68 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 112.85 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 42.17 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 93.62 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 32.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 54.66 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 44.31 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 55.23 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 25.69 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 175.21 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 81.23 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 127.45 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 55.5 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 99.15 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 41.14 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 24.14 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 23.3 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 110.20 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 67.33 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 126.94 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 59.05 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 28.81 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 24 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 141.03 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 43.06 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 66.68 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 25.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 37.34 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 21.91 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 114.78 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 45.4 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 65.00 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 50.28 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 52.04 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 24.45 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 169.31 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 51.77 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 40.72 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 35.24 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 54.44 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 16.57 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (ITR) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 164.80 bits per minute | Standard Deviation 51.32 |
Primary
Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands)
Computer randomly highlights one out of six or four commands and the subjects issue that particular command using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Subjects are given a time period (T). The time intervals for the TDS:(Group-A)2.0s,1.5s,1.0s,(Group-B &-C)1.0s,0.7s,0.5s,SnP:(Group-C)1.2s,1.0s,0.7s. The saturated results were observed from the second session during Group-A trials. Therefore, we reduced the time period from the Group-B trial. Moreover, the SnP device needs a certain time period to issue a command and we observed that the minimum possible time period was 0.7 seconds. At the end the percentage of correctly selected commands is calculated and fed into an equation along with the time given to the subjects for each selection.Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.75 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 3.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 94.61 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 6.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 96.53 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 4.94 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 94.32 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 3.99 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 98.07 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 4.04 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 99.79 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 1.58 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 98.07 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 3.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 99.12 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 97.50 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 5.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.33 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 2.99 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.20 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 3.65 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.75 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 3.03 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.97 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 2.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.62 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 2.61 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 99.37 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 1.73 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 96.12 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 93.51 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.15 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.73 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.08 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 98.17 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 93.18 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.06 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 97.99 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.24 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 98.01 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 93.67 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 96.44 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 96.96 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 96.87 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | NA Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 82.72 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 10.57 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 91.47 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 7.93 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 62.96 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 21.72 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 56.48 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 21.85 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 85.00 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 11.75 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 52.78 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 24.4 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 78.70 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 11.02 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 73.87 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 11.72 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 75.89 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 15.44 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 96.92 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 8.85 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 62.65 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 19.53 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 80.00 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 12.11 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 93.00 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 7.64 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 63.06 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 28.17 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 78.40 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 11.15 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 94.63 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 6.6 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 62.65 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 25.88 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.0s) | 73.81 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 16.62 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 90.95 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 10.8 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 78.81 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 14.7 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 84.87 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 11.87 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 62.78 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 26.15 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 56.48 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 22.92 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 72.99 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 13.34 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 43.21 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 26.15 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 67.66 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 16.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 83.93 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 9.6 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 3rd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 73.51 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 15.05 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 73.91 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 8.11 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 82.54 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 14 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 4th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 79.72 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 13.96 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 1st ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.0s, Grp B&C T=0.5s) | 69.34 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 12.83 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using SnP (Grp C T=0.7s) | 54.63 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 26.49 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 5th ses. using SnP (Grp C T=1.2s) | 82.41 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 9.05 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 6th ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=1.5s, Grp B&C T=0.7s) | 89.71 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 11.71 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands) | 2nd ses. using TDS (Grp A:T=2.0s, Grp B&C T=1.0s) | 83.70 Percentage of correctly completed cmd(%) | Standard Deviation 15.37 |
Primary
On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time)
Subjects were instructed to use four directional commands (Left, Right, Up, and Down) to move the mouse cursor using the tongue drive system (TDS), keypad, and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) as fast and accurately as possible on a maze. One out of eight maze patterns was randomly selected in each round. The performance measures were completion time (CT) from start to end and sum of deviation (SoD) from the track. SoD was calculated as the sum of all areas between the actual trajectory of the cursor when it was out of the track and the closest edge of the track divided by 1000. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS | 16.61 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.35 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using keypad | 20.26 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.21 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS | 15.41 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.45 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using keypad | 16.76 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS | 14.26 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using keypad | 15.30 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.54 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS | 27.80 seconds | Standard Deviation 18.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using keypad | 14.65 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS | 15.04 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.57 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using keypad | 14.25 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.42 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS | 13.03 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS | 12.59 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.41 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS | 17.13 seconds | Standard Deviation 5.72 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using SnP | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS | NA seconds | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS | 23.36 seconds | Standard Deviation 9.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using keypad | 17.56 seconds | Standard Deviation 6.24 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using keypad | 13.14 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.34 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS | 16.81 seconds | Standard Deviation 12.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using keypad | 12.31 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using keypad | 11.76 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.12 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using keypad | 10.96 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.99 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using SnP | 30.89 seconds | Standard Deviation 10.33 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using TDS | 34.27 seconds | Standard Deviation 13.25 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using TDS | 28.71 seconds | Standard Deviation 12.58 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using TDS | 32.70 seconds | Standard Deviation 21.24 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS | 25.93 seconds | Standard Deviation 9.91 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS | 25.99 seconds | Standard Deviation 15.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS | 19.47 seconds | Standard Deviation 14.66 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using keypad | NA seconds | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | first session using SnP | 49.86 seconds | Standard Deviation 28.22 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | third session using SnP | 33.49 seconds | Standard Deviation 12.42 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fourth session using SnP | 30.56 seconds | Standard Deviation 10.08 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | fifth session using SnP | 30.65 seconds | Standard Deviation 9.28 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time) | second session using SnP | 37.48 seconds | Standard Deviation 18.15 |
Primary
On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000)
Subjects were instructed to use four directional commands (Left, Right, Up, and Down) to move the mouse cursor using the tongue drive system (TDS), keypad, and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) as fast and accurately as possible on a maze. One out of eight maze patterns was randomly selected in each round. The performance measures were completion time (CT) from start to end and sum of deviation (SoD) from the track. SoD was calculated as the sum of all areas between the actual trajectory of the cursor when it was out of the track and the closest edge of the track divided by 1000. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using TDS | 4.54 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 5.18 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | sixth session using TDS | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using keypad | 0.39 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using keypad | 1.88 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 2.32 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using keypad | 0.56 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using TDS | 1.80 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.68 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using TDS | 30.05 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 89.76 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using TDS | 4.17 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 5.2 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using keypad | 0.60 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using TDS | 4.51 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 4.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | sixth session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using keypad | 1.10 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.48 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using TDS | 23.59 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 20.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using TDS | 4.27 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 3.58 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using keypad | 4.03 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 5.85 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using keypad | 1.16 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using TDS | 13.27 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 20.28 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using TDS | 13.91 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 31.22 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using TDS | 5.89 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 13.05 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | sixth session using TDS | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using keypad | 1.55 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using keypad | 1.46 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.82 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using keypad | 1.08 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | sixth session using SnP | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using TDS | 59.19 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 84.68 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using SnP | 47.05 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 104.05 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using keypad | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | sixth session using SnP | 11.17 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 9.06 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using SnP | 20.26 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 18.68 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using keypad | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using SnP | 15.32 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 19.02 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | third session using SnP | 14.04 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 11.87 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using TDS | 29.05 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 35.49 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | sixth session using TDS | 17.18 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 29.84 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using keypad | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using TDS | 41.86 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 41.83 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using TDS | 28.43 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 24.97 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | second session using keypad | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | first session using TDS | 64.86 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 91.42 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fourth session using SnP | 12.19 pixel^2/1000 | Standard Deviation 11.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000) | fifth session using keypad | NA pixel^2/1000 | — |
Primary
Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time)
Randomly selected ten-digit target phone number was visually prompted on the top of the smartphone screen, and the subject entered the same number in the following line as quickly and as accurately as possible. If the wrong number was registered, then the subjects were allowed to delete the one by issuing the deleting command.At the end of the number entering, the subject needs to move the cursor at the green colored CALL button, in the middle of the bottom line, and it should be selected to complete the trial. The completion time and error rate were considered to evaluate the performance. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | first session using TDS | 187.69 seconds | Standard Deviation 66.09 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | second session using TDS | 109.11 seconds | Standard Deviation 47.05 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | third session using TDS | 89.99 seconds | Standard Deviation 21.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS | 88.37 seconds | Standard Deviation 29.56 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS | 89.37 seconds | Standard Deviation 27.05 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS | 81.87 seconds | Standard Deviation 22.75 |
Primary
Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks.
Q1.How much thought was necessary to decide where to put your tongue to issue a specific command?1:A lot,5:A Little Q2.Was the speed of the movement of the cursor on the computer screen:1:Too slow,3:Just right,5:Too fast Q3.How difficult was pointing accurately at specific targets on the computer screen?1:Very difficult,5:Very easy Q4.Accurately guiding the powered wheelchair through the obstacle course was:1:Very difficult,5:Very easy Q4.Accurately guiding the powered wheelchair through the obstacle course was:1: Very difficult,5:Very easy (TDS:Q4-1.Unlatched,Q4-2.Latched,Q4-3.Semi-pro,SnP:Q4-4.Latched) Q5.Was the speed of the wheelchair:1:Too slow,5:Too fast Q6.Was the movement of the wheelchair:1:Very jerky,5:Very smooth Q7.Was TDS effective in dialing phone numbers:1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective Q8.Was TDS effective in doing the weight shift:1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session4) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.08 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session5) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.08 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session4) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session3) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session2) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.07 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 4.25 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session5) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session1) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 2.57 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.16 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session1) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.21 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session2) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.07 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session2) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.29 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session3) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.25 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session6) 1: A lot, 5: A little | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session4) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.50 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.75 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session4) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.50 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.93 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session4) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.92 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session1) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.71 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session5) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.36 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session6) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session5) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 4.15 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session1) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.14 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session3) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.58 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session2) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.14 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session3) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.50 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.43 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session2) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.43 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 4.07 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session3) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.50 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session1) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 2.71 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session5) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.17 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session6) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session1) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.56 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session4) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.63 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session4) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.13 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session1) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.67 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session5) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 1.78 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session5) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session3) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.22 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session2) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.22 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session1) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.11 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session2) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.44 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session2) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.33 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session2) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 2.89 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session1) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 2.78 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session5) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.63 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.67 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session2) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.44 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.50 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session6) 1: A lot, 5: A little | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session3) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.56 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.44 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session5) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session4) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.63 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session5) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.33 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session3) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.22 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session1) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.67 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session4) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.75 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 4.11 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session4) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.25 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session3) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.22 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.22 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session3) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.11 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session6) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session6) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Able-bodied Subject Without Tongue Piercing (Group-B) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session2) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.90 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session6) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 4.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session4) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session5) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session1) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session2) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session3) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session4) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session5) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session1) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 2.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session4) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session3) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.82 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session5) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session6) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.36 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session1) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session2) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 0.34 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session3) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session4) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session5) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.18 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session6) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | 3.18 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session1) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.36 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session2) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.90 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session3) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session4) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session5) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | 4.09 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session1) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session2) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C) | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session3) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session4) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session4) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.60 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 3.71 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.73 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session5) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.80 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.40 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session2) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.14 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session6) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.10 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.37 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses2)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session5) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session1) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q7.(ses1)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 3.22 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.86 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | 2.27 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.01 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session3) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 0.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session2) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | 2.55 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | 2.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.82 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session3) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | 2.70 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session4) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.55 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | 3.73 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session4) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.73 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.35 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session5) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | 3.40 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.43 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q3. (session6) 1: Very difficult, 5: Very easy | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | 3.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.36 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session1) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.70 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 4.10 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | 3.45 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q5. (session2) 1: Too slow, 5: Too Fast | 2.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses1)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-2) | 3.20 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session5) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.09 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.83 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session3) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session2) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session5) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.82 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session6) 1: A lot, 5: A little | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q1. (session1) 1: A lot, 5: A little | 3.10 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses2)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-4) | 2.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses3)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-1) | 3.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session1) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses5)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | 3.64 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q4.(ses4)1:Very difficult,5:Very easy(GrpC:Q4-3) | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session4) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session2) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session1) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 4.00 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses5)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.70 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q6. (session3) 1: Very jerky, 5: Very smooth | 3.91 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q2. (session3) 1: Too slow, 3: Just right, 5: Too | NA scores on a scale | — |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses4)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.70 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury (Group-C): Wheelchair Session | Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks. | Q8.(ses3)1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective | 4.70 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
Primary
Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time)
The TDS commands were designated to change the wheelchair mode from driving to tilting and to control the wheelchair angle. The completion time was from the initial mode change to the end of the weight shifting. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Time frame: 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | first session using TDS | 116.19 seconds | Standard Deviation 42.69 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | second session using TDS | 74.82 seconds | Standard Deviation 39.1 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | third session using TDS | 78.24 seconds | Standard Deviation 29.93 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | fourth session using TDS | 75.52 seconds | Standard Deviation 29.6 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | fifth session using TDS | 74.46 seconds | Standard Deviation 32.67 |
| Able-bodied Subject With Tongue Piercing (Group-A) | Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time) | sixth session using TDS | 71.35 seconds | Standard Deviation 23.22 |