Multiple Myeloma
Conditions
Keywords
Symptomatic Multiple Myeloma, Lenalidomide, Anti-Myeloma Agents, Hematologic Disorders, Maintenance Therapy, Progression, Autologous Transplant, RVD Consolidation
Brief summary
The study is designed as a Phase III, multicenter trial of tandem autologous transplants plus maintenance therapy versus the strategy of single autologous transplant plus consolidation therapy with lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (RVD) followed by maintenance therapy or single autologous transplant plus maintenance therapy as part of upfront treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Lenalidomide will be used as maintenance therapy for three years in all arms.
Detailed description
The primary objective of the randomized trial is to compare three-year progression-free survival (PFS) between the three treatment arms as a pairwise comparison. Mobilization therapy will not be specified for the study. Randomization to three treatment arms will be done prior to the first transplants. All patients will undergo a first autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m\^2 IV) given on Day -2. Upon recovery from the first transplant patients will receive either a second autologous PBSC transplant with the same conditioning regimen as the first transplant or consolidation therapy with RVD (lenalidomide 15 mg/day on Days 1-14, dexamethasone 40 mg on Days 1, 8 and 15, and bortezomib 1.3mg/m\^2 on Days 1, 4, 8 and 11 of every 21 day cycle, patients will receive four cycles) or maintenance with lenalidomide (15 mg daily). All patients will also receive maintenance lenalidomide which will start after the second transplant, after the first autologous transplant or after consolidation therapy depending on the treatment arm. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide will start at 10 mg daily for three months and increase to 15 mg daily. The duration of maintenance will be three years in all treatment arms.
Interventions
DRUGLenalidomide
All patients will undergo a first autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m\^2 IV) given on Day -2. Upon recovery from the first transplant patients will receive a second autologous PBSC transplant with the same conditioning regimen as the first transplant. All patients will also receive maintenance lenalidomide which will start after the second transplant. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide will start at 10 mg daily for 3 months and increase to 15 mg daily. The duration of maintenance will be three years in all treatment arms.
DRUGlenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone
All patients will undergo a first autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m\^2 IV) given on Day -2. Upon recovery from the first transplant patients will receive consolidation therapy with RVD (lenalidomide 15 mg/day on Days 1-14, dexamethasone 40mg on Days 1, 8 and 15, and bortezomib 1.3mg/m2 on Days 1, 4, 8 and 11 of every 21 day cycle, patients will receive four cycles). All patients will also receive maintenance lenalidomide which will start after consolidation therapy. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide will start at 10 mg daily for 3 months and increase to 15 mg daily. The duration of maintenance will be three years in all treatment arms.
Sponsors
Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
No minimum to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients meeting the criteria for symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM). * Patients who are 70 years of age, or younger, at time of enrollment. * Patients who have received at least two cycles of any regimen as initial systemic therapy and are within 2 - 12 months of the first dose of initial therapy. * Cardiac function: left ventricular ejection fraction at rest greater than 40 percent. * Hepatic: bilirubin less than 1.5x the upper limit of normal and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) less than 2.5x the upper limit of normal. (Patients who have been diagnosed with Gilbert's Disease are allowed to exceed the defined bilirubin value of 1.5x the upper limit of normal.) * Renal: Creatinine clearance of grater than or equal to 40 mL/min, estimated or calculated. * Pulmonary: Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), or forced vital capacity (FVC) greater than 50 percent of predicted value (corrected for hemoglobin). * Patients with an adequate autologous graft defined as a cryopreserved PBSC graft containing greater than or equal to 4 x 10\^6 CD34+ cells/kg patient weight. The graft may not be CD34+ selected or otherwise manipulated to remove tumor or other cells. The graft can be collected at the transplanting institution or by a referring center. The autograft must be stored so that there are two products each containing at least 2 x 10\^6 CD34+ cells/kg patient weight. * Signed informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria
* Patients who never fulfill the criteria for symptomatic MM. * Patients with purely non-secretory MM \[absence of a monoclonal protein (M protein) in serum as measured by electrophoresis and immunofixation and the absence of Bence Jones protein in the urine defined by use of conventional electrophoresis and immunofixation techniques\]. Patients with light chain MM detected in the serum by free light chain assay are eligible. * Patients with plasma cell leukemia. * Karnofsky performance score less than 70 percent. * Patients with greater than grade 2 sensory neuropathy (CTCAE). * Patients with uncontrolled bacterial, viral or fungal infections (currently taking medication and progression of clinical symptoms). * Patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). * Myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment or has New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure, uncontrolled angina, severe uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic evidence of acute ischemia or active conduction system abnormalities. Prior to study entry, any ECG abnormality at Screening has to be documented by the investigator as not medically relevant. * Patient has hypersensitivity to bortezomib, boron or mannitol. * Patient has received other investigational drugs with 14 days before enrollment. * Patients with prior malignancies except resected basal cell carcinoma or treated cervical carcinoma in situ. Cancer treated with curative intent less than 5 years previously will not be allowed unless approved by the Protocol Officer or one of the Protocol Chairs. Cancer treated with curative intent greater than 5 years previously is allowed. * Female patients who are pregnant (positive B-HCG) or breastfeeding. * Females of childbearing potential (FCBP) or men who have sexual contact with FCBP unwilling to use contraceptive techniques during the length of lenalidomide maintenance therapy. * Prior allograft or prior autograft. * Patients who have received mid-intensity melphalan (greater than 50 mg IV) as part of prior therapy. * Patients unable or unwilling to provide informed consent. * Prior organ transplant requiring immunosuppressive therapy. * Patients with disease progression prior to enrollment. * Patients who have received lenalidomide as initial therapy for MM and have experienced toxicities resulting in treatment discontinuation. * Patients who experienced thromboembolic events while on full anticoagulation during prior therapy with lenalidomide or thalidomide. * Patients unwilling to take deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis. * Patients who cannot undergo an intervention in any treatment arm due to a priori denial of medical costs coverage by third party payers. * Patients unable to unwilling to return to the transplant center for their assigned treatments.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS) | 38 months post-randomization | Progression-free survival is defined as survival without disease progression or initiation of non-protocol anti-myeloma therapy. To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate progression-free survival at 38 months post-randomization. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival (OS) | 38 months post-randomization | Overall survival is defined as survival of death from any cause. To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate overall survival at 38 months post-randomization. |
| Percentage of Participants With Treatment-related Mortality (TRM) | Up to 38 months post-randomization | TRM is defined as death prior to progression of multiple myeloma. To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the cumulative incidence of TRM at 38 months post-randomization was estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, treating disease progression as a competing risk. |
| Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 and 2 years post-randomization | The number of participants with very good partial response (VGPR) or better \[complete response (CR), near CR (nCR), and stringent CR (sCR)\] according to the International Uniform Response Criteria will be calculated. The Worse than VGPR group includes PR, stable disease, and progressive disease. sCR requires, in addition to CR: Normal free light chain ratio (FLC), Absence of clonal cells in bone marrow CR requires, in addition to nCR: Absence of the original monoclonal paraprotein (PPN), Disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas nCR is defined as: \< 5% plasma cells in a bone marrow aspirate, No increase in lytic bone lesions VGPR requires: Serum or urine PPN not detectable on electrophoresis OR \>=90% reduction in serum PPN plus urine PPN \<100 mg/24hrs, \>= 50% reduction in the level of serum monoclonal PPN or reduction in 24 hour urinary monoclonal PPN either \>= 90% or to \<200 mg/24 hours in light chain disease, \>= 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas |
| FACT-G Total Score | Up to 3 years post-randomization | The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) is a quality of life instrument that assesses the effects of cancer therapy on a patient's physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being. The assessment has 27 questions, each scored on a Likert scale from 0-4. The overall score is computed by adding scores of the questions and falls in the range 0-108, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall well-being. |
| Percentage of Participants With Disease Progression | 38 months post-randomization | Disease Progression is defined as progression of multiple myeloma, including one or more of the following: * A reappearance of serum monoclonal paraprotein, with a level of at least 0.5 g/dL * 24-hour urine protein electrophoresis with at least 200 mg paraprotein/24 hours * Abnormal free light chain levels of \>10 mg/dl, only in patients without measurable paraprotein in the serum and urine * At least 10% plasma cells in a bone marrow aspirate or on trephine biopsy * Definite increase in the size of existing bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas * Development of new bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas * Development of hypercalcemia (corrected serum Ca \>11.5 mg/dL or \>2.8 mmol/L) not attributable to any other cause To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the cumulative incidence of TRM at 38 months post-randomization was estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, treating death prior to disease progression as a competing risk. |
| FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | Up to 3 years post-randomization | The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) Trial Outcome Index is a quality of life instrument that assesses the impact of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on a patient's physical and functional well-being while taking into consideration BMT-specific concerns. The assessment has 24 questions, each scored on a Likert scale from 0-4. The overall score is computed by adding scores of the questions and falls in the range 0-96, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall well-being. |
| MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | Up to 3 years post-randomization | The Medical Outcome Study (MOS) SF-36 Physical Component Summary is a subscale of the SF-36 intended to measure physical well-being. It is scored on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of well-being. |
| MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | Up to 3 years post-randomization | The Medical Outcome Study (MOS) SF-36 Mental Component Summary is a subscale of the SF-36 intended to measure mental well-being. It is scored on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of well-being. |
| FACT-BMT Score | Up to 3 years post-randomization | The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant scale (FACT-BMT) is a quality of life instrument that assesses the effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on a patient's physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being while taking into consideration BMT-specific concerns. The assessment has 37 questions, each scored on a Likert scale from 0-4. The overall score is computed by adding scores of the questions and falls in the range 0-148, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall well-being. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant Initial autologous transplant followed by a second autologous transplant and lenalidomide maintenance
Lenalidomide: All patients will undergo a first autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m\^2 IV) given on Day -2. Upon recovery from the first transplant patients will receive a second autologous PBSC transplant with the same conditioning regimen as the first transplant. All patients will also receive maintenance lenalidomide which will start after the second transplant. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide will start at 10 mg daily for 3 months and increase to 15 mg daily. The duration of maintenance will be three years in all treatment arms. | 247 |
| RVD Consolidation Initial autologous transplant followed by lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (RVD) consolidation and lenalidomide maintenance
lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone: All patients will undergo a first autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m\^2 IV) given on Day -2. Upon recovery from the first transplant patients will receive consolidation therapy with RVD (lenalidomide 15 mg/day on Days 1-14, dexamethasone 40mg on Days 1, 8 and 15, and bortezomib 1.3mg/m2 on Days 1, 4, 8 and 11 of every 21 day cycle, patients will receive four cycles). All patients will also receive maintenance lenalidomide which will start after consolidation therapy. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide will start at 10 mg daily for 3 months and increase to 15 mg daily. The duration of maintenance will be three years in all treatment arms. | 254 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance Initial autologous transplant followed by lenalidomide maintenance
Lenalidomide: All patients will undergo a first autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m\^2 IV) given on Day -2. Upon recovery from the first transplant patients will receive maintenance with lenalidomide (15 mg daily). Maintenance lenalidomide will start after the first autologous transplant. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide will start at 10 mg daily for 3 months and increase to 15 mg daily. The duration of maintenance will be three years in all treatment arms. | 257 |
| Total | 758 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Lenalidomide Maintenance | RVD Consolidation | Tandem Auto Transplant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 56 years | 56 years | 57 years | 56 years |
| Disease Risk High | 223 Participants | 75 Participants | 76 Participants | 72 Participants |
| Disease Risk Standard | 535 Participants | 182 Participants | 178 Participants | 175 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Complete Response | 65 Participants | 24 Participants | 19 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Near Complete Response | 73 Participants | 24 Participants | 22 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Not Evaluable | 7 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Partial Response | 337 Participants | 123 Participants | 108 Participants | 106 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Progression | 9 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Stable Disease | 49 Participants | 14 Participants | 21 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Stringent Complete Response | 70 Participants | 23 Participants | 26 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Disease Status at Enrollment Very Good Partial Response | 148 Participants | 43 Participants | 53 Participants | 52 Participants |
| Initial Therapy Bortezomib/Cyclophosphamide/Dexamethasone | 108 Participants | 40 Participants | 35 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Initial Therapy Bortezomib/Dexamethasone | 93 Participants | 32 Participants | 32 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Initial Therapy Bortezomib/Lenalidomide/Dexamethasone | 420 Participants | 143 Participants | 136 Participants | 141 Participants |
| Initial Therapy Lenalidomide/Dexamethasone | 74 Participants | 22 Participants | 28 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Initial Therapy Other | 58 Participants | 20 Participants | 19 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Initial Therapy Unknown | 5 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) 90 or Greater | 523 Participants | 172 Participants | 169 Participants | 182 Participants |
| Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) Less Than 90 | 235 Participants | 85 Participants | 85 Participants | 65 Participants |
| Number of Lines of Therapy 1 | 641 Participants | 218 Participants | 213 Participants | 210 Participants |
| Number of Lines of Therapy 2 | 104 Participants | 37 Participants | 36 Participants | 31 Participants |
| Number of Lines of Therapy 3 | 8 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Number of Lines of Therapy Unknown | 5 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 130 Participants | 41 Participants | 39 Participants | 50 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Caucasian | 571 Participants | 201 Participants | 192 Participants | 178 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Multiple/Other/Unknown | 57 Participants | 15 Participants | 23 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 304 Participants | 96 Participants | 108 Participants | 100 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 454 Participants | 161 Participants | 146 Participants | 147 Participants |
| Time from Initial Therapy to Enrollment | 5 months | 5 months | 5 months | 5 months |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 247 | 0 / 254 | 0 / 257 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 42 / 247 | 45 / 254 | 53 / 257 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS)
Progression-free survival is defined as survival without disease progression or initiation of non-protocol anti-myeloma therapy. To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate progression-free survival at 38 months post-randomization.
Time frame: 38 months post-randomization
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Percentage of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS) | 58.5 percentage of participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Percentage of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS) | 57.8 percentage of participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Percentage of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS) | 53.9 percentage of participants |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with PFS at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and RVD consolidation therapy.p-value: 0.87Log Rank
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with PFS at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.37Log Rank
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with PFS at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving RVD consolidation and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.27Log Rank
Secondary
FACT-BMT Score
The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant scale (FACT-BMT) is a quality of life instrument that assesses the effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on a patient's physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being while taking into consideration BMT-specific concerns. The assessment has 37 questions, each scored on a Likert scale from 0-4. The overall score is computed by adding scores of the questions and falls in the range 0-148, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall well-being.
Time frame: Up to 3 years post-randomization
Population: Outcomes are analyzed from participants that were alive, progression-free, and completed assessments.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Score | Baseline | 107 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Score | 1 Year | 113 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Score | 2 Years | 114 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.8 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Score | 3 Years | 115 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Score | 3 Years | 114 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.1 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Score | Baseline | 107 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Score | 2 Years | 115 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Score | 1 Year | 115 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Score | 3 Years | 115 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.2 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Score | 1 Year | 113 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Score | 2 Years | 115 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Score | Baseline | 105 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
Secondary
FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index
The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) Trial Outcome Index is a quality of life instrument that assesses the impact of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on a patient's physical and functional well-being while taking into consideration BMT-specific concerns. The assessment has 24 questions, each scored on a Likert scale from 0-4. The overall score is computed by adding scores of the questions and falls in the range 0-96, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall well-being.
Time frame: Up to 3 years post-randomization
Population: Outcomes are analyzed from participants that were alive, progression-free, and completed assessments.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | Baseline | 64 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 3 Years | 73 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 2 Years | 73 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 1 Year | 70 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 3 Years | 71 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 2 Years | 73 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | Baseline | 65 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 1 Year | 72 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | Baseline | 63 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 3 Years | 73 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 2 Years | 73 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-BMT Trial Outcome Index | 1 Year | 71 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
Secondary
FACT-G Total Score
The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) is a quality of life instrument that assesses the effects of cancer therapy on a patient's physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being. The assessment has 27 questions, each scored on a Likert scale from 0-4. The overall score is computed by adding scores of the questions and falls in the range 0-108, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall well-being.
Time frame: Up to 3 years post-randomization
Population: Outcomes are analyzed from participants that were alive, progression-free, and completed assessments.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-G Total Score | 1 Year | 84 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-G Total Score | 3 Years | 85 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-G Total Score | Baseline | 79 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | FACT-G Total Score | 2 Years | 84 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-G Total Score | 2 Years | 84 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-G Total Score | Baseline | 79 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-G Total Score | 3 Years | 84 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| RVD Consolidation | FACT-G Total Score | 1 Year | 84 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-G Total Score | 3 Years | 85 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-G Total Score | Baseline | 77 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-G Total Score | 2 Years | 85 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | FACT-G Total Score | 1 Year | 83 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
Secondary
MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary
The Medical Outcome Study (MOS) SF-36 Mental Component Summary is a subscale of the SF-36 intended to measure mental well-being. It is scored on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of well-being.
Time frame: Up to 3 years post-randomization
Population: Outcomes are analyzed from participants that were alive, progression-free, and completed assessments.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | Baseline | 49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 1 Year | 50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 2 Years | 50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 3 Years | 51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 3 Years | 50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | Baseline | 48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 2 Years | 50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 1 Year | 51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 3 Years | 51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 1 Year | 50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | 2 Years | 50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Mental Component Summary | Baseline | 48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
Secondary
MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary
The Medical Outcome Study (MOS) SF-36 Physical Component Summary is a subscale of the SF-36 intended to measure physical well-being. It is scored on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of well-being.
Time frame: Up to 3 years post-randomization
Population: Outcomes are analyzed from participants that were alive, progression-free, and completed assessments.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | Baseline | 37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 1 Year | 43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 2 Years | 44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 3 Years | 42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 3 Years | 42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | Baseline | 39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 2 Years | 44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| RVD Consolidation | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 1 Year | 43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 3 Years | 43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 1 Year | 42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | 2 Years | 43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | MOS SF-36 Physical Component Summary | Baseline | 38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Treatment Response
The number of participants with very good partial response (VGPR) or better \[complete response (CR), near CR (nCR), and stringent CR (sCR)\] according to the International Uniform Response Criteria will be calculated. The Worse than VGPR group includes PR, stable disease, and progressive disease. sCR requires, in addition to CR: Normal free light chain ratio (FLC), Absence of clonal cells in bone marrow CR requires, in addition to nCR: Absence of the original monoclonal paraprotein (PPN), Disappearance of soft tissue plasmacytomas nCR is defined as: \< 5% plasma cells in a bone marrow aspirate, No increase in lytic bone lesions VGPR requires: Serum or urine PPN not detectable on electrophoresis OR \>=90% reduction in serum PPN plus urine PPN \<100 mg/24hrs, \>= 50% reduction in the level of serum monoclonal PPN or reduction in 24 hour urinary monoclonal PPN either \>= 90% or to \<200 mg/24 hours in light chain disease, \>= 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas
Time frame: 1 and 2 years post-randomization
Population: Only participants that were evaluable for disease response were analyzed at each time point. Those who had died or experienced disease progression were excluded.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | CR or sCR | 97 Participants |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | VGPR or nCR | 56 Participants |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | Worse than VGPR | 39 Participants |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | CR or sCR | 98 Participants |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | VGPR or nCR | 39 Participants |
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | Worse than VGPR | 20 Participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | Worse than VGPR | 21 Participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | CR or sCR | 122 Participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | CR or sCR | 117 Participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | VGPR or nCR | 37 Participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | VGPR or nCR | 50 Participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | Worse than VGPR | 37 Participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | VGPR or nCR | 60 Participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | Worse than VGPR | 50 Participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | Worse than VGPR | 26 Participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | CR or sCR | 93 Participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 1 Year | CR or sCR | 98 Participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Number of Participants With Treatment Response | 2 Years | VGPR or nCR | 41 Participants |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Disease Progression
Disease Progression is defined as progression of multiple myeloma, including one or more of the following: * A reappearance of serum monoclonal paraprotein, with a level of at least 0.5 g/dL * 24-hour urine protein electrophoresis with at least 200 mg paraprotein/24 hours * Abnormal free light chain levels of \>10 mg/dl, only in patients without measurable paraprotein in the serum and urine * At least 10% plasma cells in a bone marrow aspirate or on trephine biopsy * Definite increase in the size of existing bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas * Development of new bone lesions or soft tissue plasmacytomas * Development of hypercalcemia (corrected serum Ca \>11.5 mg/dL or \>2.8 mmol/L) not attributable to any other cause To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the cumulative incidence of TRM at 38 months post-randomization was estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, treating death prior to disease progression as a competing risk.
Time frame: 38 months post-randomization
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Percentage of Participants With Disease Progression | 39.8 percentage of participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Percentage of Participants With Disease Progression | 41.0 percentage of participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Percentage of Participants With Disease Progression | 45.6 percentage of participants |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with disease progression at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and RVD consolidation therapy.p-value: 0.92Gray's test
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with disease progression at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.21Gray's test
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with disease progression at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving RVD consolidation and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.22Gray's test
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival (OS)
Overall survival is defined as survival of death from any cause. To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate overall survival at 38 months post-randomization.
Time frame: 38 months post-randomization
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival (OS) | 81.8 percentage of participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival (OS) | 85.4 percentage of participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival (OS) | 83.7 percentage of participants |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with OS at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and RVD consolidation therapy.p-value: 0.26Log Rank
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with OS at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.53Log Rank
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with OS at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving RVD consolidation and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.57Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Treatment-related Mortality (TRM)
TRM is defined as death prior to progression of multiple myeloma. To account for loss to follow-up of a few participants, the cumulative incidence of TRM at 38 months post-randomization was estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, treating disease progression as a competing risk.
Time frame: Up to 38 months post-randomization
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tandem Auto Transplant | Percentage of Participants With Treatment-related Mortality (TRM) | 1.7 percentage of participants |
| RVD Consolidation | Percentage of Participants With Treatment-related Mortality (TRM) | 1.2 percentage of participants |
| Lenalidomide Maintenance | Percentage of Participants With Treatment-related Mortality (TRM) | 0.5 percentage of participants |
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with TRM at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and RVD consolidation therapy.p-value: 0.63Gray's test
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with TRM at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving Tandem auto transplant and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.15Gray's test
Comparison: The null hypothesis is that the percentages of participants with TRM at 38 months post-randomization are equal for those receiving RVD consolidation and Lenalidomide maintenance therapy.p-value: 0.33Gray's test