Parkinson's Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, Cognitive deficits, fMRI, neuro rehabilitation, Age Matched Controls
Brief summary
We are testing a computer game-style rehabilitation program for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). People with PD often have difficulty with motor planning, such as initiating or starting movements. We believe that our program will improve performance on a movement initiation task as well as on activities of daily living, such as walking, preparing a meal or opening a medicine bottle. We will measure brain function using functional MRI before and after training to identify brain areas that are involved in improved performance. If effective, computer based training will be an inexpensive treatment for motor planning deficits in PD that is free from side effects and easy to administer to a large number of patients.
Detailed description
Our approach is to use PD-based adaptive training to improve performance on IG movement initiation in patients with PD. We have three aims, 1) to systematically evaluate cognitive rehabilitation in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), 2) to examine the neural mechanisms subserving cognitive rehabilitation in PD and 3) to assess the ecological validity of cognitive rehabilitation in PD. We will focus on a single aspect of cognitive function, the decision to initiate a movement. Movements can be internally generated (IG) or externally cued, and motor deficits in PD are typically linked to IG movements. The protocol is designed to drive beneficial neuroplastic changes using a paradigm similar to those that have shown promising results in traumatic brain injury patients. In addition, we will use fMRI to measure activity in underlying basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. Finally, because the goal of any research regarding the pathophysiology of disease is to improve the lives of patients with the disease, behavioral and neuropsychological measures will be correlated with fMRI measured functional abnormalities before and after training. Improvement in the initiation of movement has the potential to dramatically improve daily functioning including reducing falls, improving language production and improving proficiency of activities of daily living.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALPC based training
Subjects sit at a computer and type a string of numbers that appears on the screen. As performance improves (# correct), the strings of numbers get longer. They are then instructed to repeat the string from memory. Performing these key entries from memory is a test of internally generated movement initiation.
Sponsors
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
55 Years to 75 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Clinical diagnosis of PD dominant on the right side with a Hx of response to dopamine replacement.
Exclusion criteria
* Contraindication to MRI * History of stroke or significant head trauma * Significant vision impairment * Hx of brain surgery or claustrophobia * Medication change \<4 weeks * Atypical PD * Severe tremor * Presence of motor fluctuations or dyskinesia * Significantly impaired limb or joint function * Significant memory impairment * Depression or daytime sleepiness
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training) | Before and after computer training outcome measures: left, right, bimanual external cue reaction time; left, right, bimanual external cue error; left, right, bimanual internally generated reaction time; left, right, bimanual internally generated error for four-digit trials. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training) | Modified Emory Functional Ambulatory Profile (mEFAP); mobility test Task 1: 5 meter walk on hard surface; timed. Task 2: 5 meter walk on carpeted surface, timed. Task 3: Timed up and go; rise from chair, walk 3 meters, walk back, sit down in chair, timed. Task 4: Obstacle course, similar to the Timed up and go, with 2 obstacles to be stepped over while walking forward and coming back; timed. Task 5: Ascend and descend 5 steps of stairs; timed. |
| Task Errors and Variability | time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training) | Left, right and bimanual errors in external cue and internally generated tasks for four-digit trials |
| Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training) | Functional Dexterity test (FDT): a motor dexterity measurement for hands. Task: Pick up and flip wooden pegs on a 4x4 pegboard in a zig-zag pattern; timed. Task is performed 2 times per hand Modified Task: Interchange 2 columns of of pegs (4 pegs each side) simultaneously. No flipping is required. 5 second penalty to time score for 1.) using the pegboard to help with flipping and 2.) supinating of the hand; per occurrence. 10 second penalty to time score for dropping a peg, per occurrence. |
| Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) | time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training) | Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT): Participants are given a key of numbers (1-9) corresponding to symbols for reference. Task: Participants are given a page of symbols and are instructed to say aloud the number corresponding to each symbol on the page. This task is timed for completion and the score is reported as the number of symbol to number matching correct in 90 seconds. |
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Participants were assigned to group depending on disease status
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| PD Subjects PD subjects
PC based training: Subjects sit at a computer and type a string of numbers that appears on the screen. They are then instructed to repeat the string from memory. As performance improves (# correct), the strings of numbers get longer. | 29 |
| Control Subjects Age matched controls
PC based training: Subjects sit at a computer and type a string of numbers that appears on the screen. They are then instructed to repeat the string from memory. As performance improves (# correct), the strings of numbers get longer. | 25 |
| Total | 54 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control Subjects | PD Subjects | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 65.56 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.777 | 67.965 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.45 | 66.852 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.651 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 23 Participants | 28 Participants | 51 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 25 participants | 29 participants | 54 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 15 Participants | 19 Participants | 34 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 29 | 0 / 25 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 29 | 0 / 25 |
Outcome results
Primary
Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task
Before and after computer training outcome measures: left, right, bimanual external cue reaction time; left, right, bimanual external cue error; left, right, bimanual internally generated reaction time; left, right, bimanual internally generated error for four-digit trials.
Time frame: time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training)
Population: PD Subjects: total number of subjects: 29, 8 withdrew from study, 2 had incomplete data. CO Subjects: total number of subjects: 25, 4 withdrew from study
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Bimanual Internally Generated Reaction Time | 945.8269072 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 403.384961 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Bimanual External Cue Reaction Time | 1071.54693 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 163.2915835 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Left External Cue Reaction Time | 723.402193 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 197.3197509 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Right Internally Generated Reaction Time | 532.3444019 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 195.9000996 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Right External Cue Reaction Time | 684.8451754 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 187.8980546 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Left Internally Generated Reaction Time | 763.6505789 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 302.5488871 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Bimanual External Cue Reaction Time | 730.595614 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 209.7713843 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Right External Cue Reaction Time | 979.2450877 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 199.6872689 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Left Internally Generated Reaction Time | 531.5406167 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 226.8508076 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Right Internally Generated Reaction Time | 777.4738004 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 337.0400281 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Bimanual Internally Generated Reaction Time | 575.3801872 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 247.1520766 |
| PD Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Left External Cue Reaction Time | 1013.858333 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 177.4262864 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Bimanual Internally Generated Reaction Time | 432.5232121 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 92.77491618 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Left External Cue Reaction Time | 994.94875 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 176.9697627 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Right External Cue Reaction Time | 910.9120833 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 170.180081 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Bimanual External Cue Reaction Time | 1069.631 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 168.0096474 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Left Internally Generated Reaction Time | 708.4873763 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 232.2714027 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Right Internally Generated Reaction Time | 663.6865168 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 204.432536 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | Before-Bimanual Internally Generated Reaction Time | 774.904215 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 206.3438777 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Left External Cue Reaction Time | 665.95125 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 93.82810385 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Right External Cue Reaction Time | 609.0429167 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 93.12353905 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Bimanual External Cue Reaction Time | 626.12875 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 98.01583054 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Right Internally Generated Reaction Time | 402.6036742 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 83.0771526 |
| Control Subjects | Reaction Time and Variability for Movement Task | After-Left Internally Generated Reaction Time | 407.7467803 milliseconds | Standard Deviation 78.537003 |
Secondary
Functional Dexterity Test (FDT)
Functional Dexterity test (FDT): a motor dexterity measurement for hands. Task: Pick up and flip wooden pegs on a 4x4 pegboard in a zig-zag pattern; timed. Task is performed 2 times per hand Modified Task: Interchange 2 columns of of pegs (4 pegs each side) simultaneously. No flipping is required. 5 second penalty to time score for 1.) using the pegboard to help with flipping and 2.) supinating of the hand; per occurrence. 10 second penalty to time score for dropping a peg, per occurrence.
Time frame: time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Dominant Hand 1 | 55.048 Seconds | Standard Deviation 37.158 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Dominant Hand 2 | 47.023 Seconds | Standard Deviation 29.848 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Non-dominant Hand 1 | 54.234 Seconds | Standard Deviation 24.115 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Non-dominant Hand 2 | 45.738 Seconds | Standard Deviation 22.573 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Modified Task 1 | 10.034 Seconds | Standard Deviation 2.169 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Modified Task 2 | 9.677 Seconds | Standard Deviation 3.091 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Combined Modified Task | 19.711 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.324 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Dominant Hand Average | 51.032 Seconds | Standard Deviation 32.445 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Non-dominant Average | 49.987 Seconds | Standard Deviation 19.89 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Dominant Hand 1 | 44.831 Seconds | Standard Deviation 25.128 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Dominant Hand 2 | 41.261 Seconds | Standard Deviation 28.016 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Non-dominant Hand 1 | 46.676 Seconds | Standard Deviation 26.151 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Non-dominant Hand 2 | 38.403 Seconds | Standard Deviation 20.954 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Modified Task 1 | 9.827 Seconds | Standard Deviation 2.169 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Modified Task 2 | 9.508 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.302 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Combined Modified Task | 19.335 Seconds | Standard Deviation 5.969 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Dominant Average | 43.046 Seconds | Standard Deviation 25.748 |
| PD Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Non-dominant Average | 42.539 Seconds | Standard Deviation 22.706 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Modified Task 1 | 9.976 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.811 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Dominant Hand 1 | 41.440 Seconds | Standard Deviation 13.477 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Dominant Hand 1 | 35.219 Seconds | Standard Deviation 11.564 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Dominant Hand 2 | 37.627 Seconds | Standard Deviation 18.291 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Non-dominant Average | 35.224 Seconds | Standard Deviation 14.562 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Non-dominant Hand 1 | 40.585 Seconds | Standard Deviation 18.051 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Dominant Hand 2 | 29.515 Seconds | Standard Deviation 9.231 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Non-dominant Hand 2 | 32.193 Seconds | Standard Deviation 11.012 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Modified Task 2 | 7.515 Seconds | Standard Deviation 1.718 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Modified Task 1 | 10.259 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.984 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Non-dominant Hand 1 | 35.914 Seconds | Standard Deviation 15.678 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Modified Task 2 | 10.005 Seconds | Standard Deviation 6.149 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Dominant Average | 32.367 Seconds | Standard Deviation 9.306 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Combined Modified Task | 20.263 Seconds | Standard Deviation 8.854 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Non-dominant Hand 2 | 34.533 Seconds | Standard Deviation 14.462 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Dominant Hand Average | 39.533 Seconds | Standard Deviation 12.963 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | After-Combined Modified Task | 17.492 Seconds | Standard Deviation 5.93 |
| Control Subjects | Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) | Before-Non-dominant Average | 36.389 Seconds | Standard Deviation 13.175 |
Secondary
Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion
Modified Emory Functional Ambulatory Profile (mEFAP); mobility test Task 1: 5 meter walk on hard surface; timed. Task 2: 5 meter walk on carpeted surface, timed. Task 3: Timed up and go; rise from chair, walk 3 meters, walk back, sit down in chair, timed. Task 4: Obstacle course, similar to the Timed up and go, with 2 obstacles to be stepped over while walking forward and coming back; timed. Task 5: Ascend and descend 5 steps of stairs; timed.
Time frame: time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 2 | 6.529 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.658 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 4 | 23.957 Seconds | Standard Deviation 23.47 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 3 | 20.218 Seconds | Standard Deviation 16.079 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 2 | 6.275 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.183 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 4 | 22.426 Seconds | Standard Deviation 18.451 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 5 | 9.727 Seconds | Standard Deviation 3.274 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 5 | 10.399 Seconds | Standard Deviation 6.127 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 3 | 18.853 Seconds | Standard Deviation 15.128 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Total | 65.034 Seconds | Standard Deviation 49.781 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 1 | 6.532 Seconds | Standard Deviation 5.307 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Total | 66.105 Seconds | Standard Deviation 49.934 |
| PD Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 1 | 6.251 Seconds | Standard Deviation 5.849 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Total | 59.115 Seconds | Standard Deviation 44.468 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 2 | 4.933 Seconds | Standard Deviation 0.792 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 3 | 14.123 Seconds | Standard Deviation 2.776 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 4 | 16.320 Seconds | Standard Deviation 3.969 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 5 | 9.654 Seconds | Standard Deviation 3.974 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 1 | 5.919 Seconds | Standard Deviation 4.015 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 2 | 6.029 Seconds | Standard Deviation 3.927 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 3 | 17.151 Seconds | Standard Deviation 11.656 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 4 | 19.008 Seconds | Standard Deviation 14.091 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | After-mEFAP Task 5 | 11.057 Seconds | Standard Deviation 10.976 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Total | 49.936 Seconds | Standard Deviation 10.858 |
| Control Subjects | Neuropsychological Measures of Cognitive Function, Including Reaction Time and Time to Completion | Before-mEFAP Task 1 | 4.897 Seconds | Standard Deviation 0.838 |
Secondary
Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT)
Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT): Participants are given a key of numbers (1-9) corresponding to symbols for reference. Task: Participants are given a page of symbols and are instructed to say aloud the number corresponding to each symbol on the page. This task is timed for completion and the score is reported as the number of symbol to number matching correct in 90 seconds.
Time frame: time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD Subjects | Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) | Before-SDMT Number Correct in 90 Seconds | 46.842 Number of Correct Matches in 90 seconds | Standard Deviation 11.644 |
| PD Subjects | Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) | After-SDMT Number Correct in 90 Seconds | 48.211 Number of Correct Matches in 90 seconds | Standard Deviation 11.424 |
| Control Subjects | Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) | Before-SDMT Number Correct in 90 Seconds | 49.286 Number of Correct Matches in 90 seconds | Standard Deviation 8.468 |
| Control Subjects | Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) | After-SDMT Number Correct in 90 Seconds | 51.000 Number of Correct Matches in 90 seconds | Standard Deviation 9.338 |
Secondary
Task Errors and Variability
Left, right and bimanual errors in external cue and internally generated tasks for four-digit trials
Time frame: time of enrollment and 2 months following enrollment (before and after training)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Left External Cue Errors | 14.36842105 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 26.38014937 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Right External Cue Errors | 10 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 15.89199659 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Bimanual External Cue Errors | 27.21052632 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 48.54159608 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Left Internally Generated Errors | 3.105263158 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 3.016523695 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Right Internally Generated Errors | 3.052631579 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 3.099707589 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Bimanual Internally Generated Errors | 3.578947368 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 3.254326854 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Left External Cue Errors | 4.526315789 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 9.026925286 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Right External Cue Errors | 4.526315789 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 9.697470581 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Bimanual External Cue Errors | 7.421052632 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 14.24903813 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Left Internally Generated Errors | 1.578947368 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 2.292882453 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Right Internally Generated Errors | 1.684210526 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 2.906938664 |
| PD Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Bimanual Internally Generated Errors | 2 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 2.666666667 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Right Internally Generated Errors | 0.1 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 0.307793506 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Left External Cue Errors | 6.9 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 8.540306909 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Left External Cue Errors | 0.35 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 0.670820393 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Right External Cue Errors | 3.85 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 4.771350907 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Left Internally Generated Errors | 0.25 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 0.444261658 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Bimanual External Cue Errors | 11.3 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 12.85997463 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Right External Cue Errors | 0.15 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 0.670820393 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Left Internally Generated Errors | 1.85 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 1.348488433 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Bimanual Internally Generated Errors | 0.35 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 0.74515982 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Right Internally Generated Errors | 1.6 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 1.602629418 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | After-Bimanual External Cue Errors | 0.6 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 1.187655807 |
| Control Subjects | Task Errors and Variability | Before-Bimanual Internally Generated Errors | 1.65 Number of Errors | Standard Deviation 1.496487115 |