It is Hypothesized That the Effects of Mastication Will be Less Evident in Obese Compared to Lean Individuals, The Alternate Hypothesis is That Increased Mechanical Stimulation Will Result in Stronger Satiation/Satiety and Reduced Energy Intake, The Null Hypothesis is That Food Rheology Will Have no Effect on These Indices
Conditions
Keywords
human, chewing, appetite,
Brief summary
One obvious property difference between energy-yielding beverages and solid foods is the oral mechanical processing required to prepare the two food forms for swallowing. Considerable human data are consistent with a contribution of mechanical stimulation to appetite suppression. However, no study has isolated this property and assessed its influence on ingestive behavior in humans. This is the aim of the present study. The null hypothesis is that food rheology will have no effect on these indices. The alternate hypothesis is that increased mechanical stimulation will result in stronger satiation/satiety and reduced energy intake. Further, it is hypothesized that the effects of mastication will be less evident in obese compared to lean individuals.
Interventions
OTHERsoft gum
. Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).
OTHERfirm gum
. Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).
OTHERno gum
. Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).
Sponsors
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Purdue University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* body mass index 18 -25 or 30-35 kg/ m2 good health not initiating or terminating the use of medications reported to affect appetite or body weight during the proposed study period stable activity level (no deviation \> 1X/wk @ 30 min/session) no eating disorder (score \<20 of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) no allergies to test foods. not glucose intolerant or diabetic (based on fasting blood glucose between 70-99mg/dl (3.9-5.5mmol/l as recommended by the American Diabetes Association.) no history of GI pathology and self-reported consumer of breakfast and lunch.
Exclusion criteria
\-
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Effects of mastication on appetite. | 12 hours | Effects of varying chewing intensity on self-rated hunger, fullness, desire to eat and thirst. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Endocrine response | 4 hours | Effects of varying chewing intensity on serum/plasma GLP-1, Ghrelin, CCK, Insulin. |
| Blood chemistries | 4 Hours | Effects of varying chewing intensity on lipid profiles and glucose. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed