Healthy Participants
Conditions
Keywords
Healthy Volunteers, Fava bean consumption, L-Dopa content in Fava Beans, Sodium, Potassium, Electrolyte Balance, Natriuresis
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to learn how plants can play a role in gain/loss of sodium in the urine and in the regulation of blood pressure. Dopamine is a chemical mostly present in the brain and kidneys which assists in regulation of the body's salts (sodium and potassium). Fava beans contain a lot of the chemical that increases the production of dopamine by the kidneys. The purpose of these studies is to characterize the diuretic effects of dietary catecholamine sources in healthy individuals. Specific aims are: 1. To determine the effect of dietary dopa sources on plasma and urinary catecholamines. 2. To investigate the capacity of botanical dopaminergic agents (fava beans) to induce natriuresis in a short term study. 3. To provide preliminary data on the effects of dietary dopa on heart rate and blood pressure. In these studies, we will test the null hypothesis (Ho) that urinary sodium excretion will not differ in healthy volunteers after consumption of a fixed-sodium study diet and the study diet plus fava beans.
Detailed description
Fava beans are a broad bean, with potential clinical relevance in Parkinson's patients since they contain high levels of the dopamine precursor, dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa).In addition to the central nervous system functions of dopamine that are compromised in Parkinson's disease, renal dopamine has vasodilatory and natriuretic activity. Elevated urinary dopamine, however, does not consistently correlate with increased urinary sodium excretion, and there are conflicting opinions over the conditions under which renal dopamine might regulate sodium balance.The goal of our study was to clarify the natriuretic effect of fava beans, obtained from a source that serves patients with Parkinson's disease. Catechol and sodium data were compared in healthy volunteers using a longitudinal design in which all participants consumed a fixed sodium study diet on day 1 and the fixed sodium diet plus fava beans on day 2. Blood was sampled at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast, and three consecutive 4-hr urine samples were collected. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is the most common form of orthostatic intolerance, affecting an estimated 500,000 Americans, principally young women. POTS refers to an excessive increase in heart rate (\>30 beats per minute) on standing in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. Previous findings by the Robertson/Garland research group suggest that mechanisms involved in orthostatic and absolute volume regulation contribute to POTS pathophysiology. A follow-up study might compare the influences of diet in patients with POTS and healthy volunteers.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTFava beans
Participants will receive 100g of fresh fava beans for breakfast and lunch on one study day and prior to this study day will be restricted to a fixed sodium low monoamine diet
OTHERFixed Sodium Diet
Fixed sodium low monoamine diet
Sponsors
Vanderbilt University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Non-smoking * Free of medications with the potential to influence BP * Age between 18-60 years * Male and female subjects are eligible * Able and willing to provide informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Significant cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, or hematological disease by history or screening results * Positive urine b-hcg pregnancy test * Evidence of cardiac structural disease (by clinical examination or prior echocardiogram) * Hypertension defined as a BP\>145/95 (off medications) or need for antihypertensive medications * Evidence of significant conduction system delay (QRS duration \>120 ms) on electrocardiogram * Inability to give, or withdraw, informed consent * Other factors which in the investigator's opinion would prevent the subject from completing the protocol Food allergies to favas or other dietary dopa sources selected * Parkinson's Disease * Diagnosis of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6P) Deficiency or Individuals from the Mediterranean with family history of G6PD. * Prolonged QT interval on ECG\> 480 13. Familial history of sudden cardiac death
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma Dopa 1 hr After Breakfast | Plasma samples collected 1 hour after breakfast on both study days. | Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes. |
| Urinary Dopa | 4-8 hours after breakfast | Urinary dopa excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes. |
| Urinary Sodium | 4 to 8 hours after breakfast | Urinary sodium excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was designated as a primary outcome. Other urine samples (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are considered as non-primary outcomes. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma Norepinephrine | 1 hour after breakfast on both study days. | Plasma norepinephrine 1 hour after breakfast |
| Plasma Dopamine | 1 hour after breakfast | Plasma dopamine 1 hour after breakfast |
| Urinary Dopa | 0-4 hours after breakfast | Urinary dopa excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other time points (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes. |
| Urinary Dopamine | 0 to 4 hours after breakfast | Urinary dopamine excreted 0 to 4 hours after breakfast |
| Plasma Dopa 2 Hrs After Breakfast | Plasma samples collected 2 hours after breakfast on both study days. | Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes. |
| Supine Systolic Blood Pressure | Supine-6 hours after breakfast on both study days. | Supine systolic blood pressure 6 hours after breakfast |
| Supine Heart Rate | 6 hours after breakfast | Supine heart rate 6 hours after breakfast |
| Urinary Sodium | 0-4 hours after breakfast | Urinary sodium excreted 0-4 hours after breakfast. |
| Urinary Norepinephrine | 0 to 4 hours after breakfast | Urinary norepinephrine excreted 0-4 hours after breakfast |
| Plasma Dopa 4 Hrs After Breakfast | Plasma samples collected 4 hours after breakfast on both study days. | Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes. |
| Plasma Dopa 6 Hrs After Breakfast | Plasma samples collected 6 hours after breakfast on both study days. | Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited in the Nashville, TN area between November, 2009 and November, 2010.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Fava Beans A meal enriched in dopa content, using fava beans, will be eaten at 0800hr (breakfast) and 1200hr (lunch), with measurements following the same schedule as the day with just fixed sodium study diet.
Fava beans : Participants will receive 100g of fresh fava beans for breakfast and lunch on one study day and prior to this study day will be restricted to a fixed sodium low monoamine diet | 14 |
| Total | 14 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed Sodium Diet + Fava Beans | Adverse Event | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Fava Beans |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 14 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 35.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.9 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 14 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 14 | 0 / 14 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 14 | 0 / 14 |
Outcome results
Primary
Plasma Dopa 1 hr After Breakfast
Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: Plasma samples collected 1 hour after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopa 1 hr After Breakfast | 11670 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 5440 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopa 1 hr After Breakfast | 1705 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 530 |
Primary
Urinary Dopa
Urinary dopa excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: 4-8 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Dopa | 24.2 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 21.2 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Dopa | 4.4 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 3 |
Primary
Urinary Sodium
Urinary sodium excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was designated as a primary outcome. Other urine samples (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are considered as non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: 4 to 8 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Sodium | 24 mEq/4 hr | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Sodium | 35 mEq/4 hr | Standard Deviation 17 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopa 2 Hrs After Breakfast
Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: Plasma samples collected 2 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopa 2 Hrs After Breakfast | 1689 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 451 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopa 2 Hrs After Breakfast | 8122 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 3626 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopa 4 Hrs After Breakfast
Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: Plasma samples collected 4 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopa 4 Hrs After Breakfast | 1800 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 608 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopa 4 Hrs After Breakfast | 3473 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 1106 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopa 6 Hrs After Breakfast
Subjects consumed the standard fixed sodium diet for at least two days prior to study and on study day one during an inpatient stay in the Vanderbilt Clinical Research Center. On study day two, participants ate 100 g of puréed fava beans and pods with study diet at breakfast (0800hr) and lunch (1200hr). Blood was sampled for catechol assays before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after breakfast. Plasma dopa 1 hour after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other catechols (dihydroxyphenylglycol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and other time points (2, 3, 4, 6hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: Plasma samples collected 6 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopa 6 Hrs After Breakfast | 1712 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 488 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopa 6 Hrs After Breakfast | 7385 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 3489 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopamine
Plasma dopamine 6 hours after breakfast
Time frame: Plasma samplesPlasma dopamine 6 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopamine | 7.9 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopamine | 91.3 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 41.9 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopamine
Plasma dopamine 1 hour after breakfast
Time frame: 1 hour after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopamine | 90 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 47 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopamine | 6 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 3 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopamine
Plasma dopamine 2 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 2 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopamine | 7.4 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopamine | 93.8 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 54.1 |
Secondary
Plasma Dopamine
Plasma dopamine 4 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 4 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Dopamine | 6.7 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Dopamine | 50.3 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 26.6 |
Secondary
Plasma Norepinephrine
Plasma norepinephrine 2 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 2 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Norepinephrine | 173 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 114 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Norepinephrine | 304 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 226 |
Secondary
Plasma Norepinephrine
Plasma norepinephrine 6 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 6 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Norepinephrine | 354 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 273 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Norepinephrine | 159 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 89 |
Secondary
Plasma Norepinephrine
Plasma norepinephrine 4 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 4 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Norepinephrine | 155 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 74 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Norepinephrine | 266 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 220 |
Secondary
Plasma Norepinephrine
Plasma norepinephrine 1 hour after breakfast
Time frame: 1 hour after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Plasma Norepinephrine | 188 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 72 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Plasma Norepinephrine | 228 pg/mL | Standard Deviation 132 |
Secondary
Supine Heart Rate
Supine heart rate 6 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 6 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Supine Heart Rate | 66 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 13 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Supine Heart Rate | 65 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 15 |
Secondary
Supine Systolic Blood Pressure
Supine systolic blood pressure 6 hours after breakfast
Time frame: Supine-6 hours after breakfast on both study days.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Supine Systolic Blood Pressure | 104 mm Hg | Standard Deviation 7 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Supine Systolic Blood Pressure | 102 mm Hg | Standard Deviation 8 |
Secondary
Urinary Dopa
Urinary dopa excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other time points (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: 0-4 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Dopa | 3.80 ug/4hr | Standard Deviation 2.13 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Dopa | 22.09 ug/4hr | Standard Deviation 13.42 |
Secondary
Urinary Dopa
Urinary dopa excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast was specified as a primary outcome. Other time points (0-4 hr, 8-12 hr after breakfast) are non-primary outcomes.
Time frame: 8-12 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Dopa | 3.43 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 1.31 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Dopa | 5.43 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 2.78 |
Secondary
Urinary Dopamine
Urinary dopamine excreted 4 to 8 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 4 to 8 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Dopamine | 360 micrograms/4 hours | Standard Deviation 235 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Dopamine | 54.0 micrograms/4 hours | Standard Deviation 29.5 |
Secondary
Urinary Dopamine
Urinary dopamine excreted 8 to 12 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 8 to 12 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Dopamine | 44.2 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 17 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Dopamine | 159.2 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 111.5 |
Secondary
Urinary Dopamine
Urinary dopamine excreted 0 to 4 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 0 to 4 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Dopamine | 45.3 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 21.4 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Dopamine | 306.3 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 116.2 |
Secondary
Urinary Norepinephrine
Urinary norepinephrine excreted 4-8 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 4 to 8 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Norepinephrine | 8.43 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 6.25 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Norepinephrine | 13.26 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 6.99 |
Secondary
Urinary Norepinephrine
Urinary norepinephrine excreted 0-4 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 0 to 4 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Norepinephrine | 11.7 micrograms/4 hours | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Norepinephrine | 5.1 micrograms/4 hours | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
Secondary
Urinary Norepinephrine
Urinary norepinephrine excreted 8-12 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 8 to 12 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Norepinephrine | 6.72 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 6.77 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Norepinephrine | 11.35 micrograms/4hr | Standard Deviation 3.44 |
Secondary
Urinary Sodium
urinary sodium 8-12 hours after breakfast
Time frame: 8-12 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Sodium | 32.5 mEq/4hr | Standard Deviation 17.3 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Sodium | 14.5 mEq/4hr | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
Secondary
Urinary Sodium
Urinary sodium excreted 0-4 hours after breakfast.
Time frame: 0-4 hours after breakfast
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fava Beans | Urinary Sodium | 29.9 mEq/4hr | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
| Fixed Sodium Study Diet | Urinary Sodium | 23.5 mEq/4hr | Standard Deviation 6.5 |