Bipolar Disorder, Psychotic Disorders, Unemployment
Conditions
Keywords
Veterans, Vocational Rehabilitation
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to compare 6 monthly counseling sessions to 6 monthly information sessions on Veterans' decisions to (a) participate in vocational rehabilitation services and (b) become employed.
Detailed description
Approximately 85-90% of those with serious mental illness are unemployed (9, 10). This level of unemployment exists despite the finding that, among people who have a psychiatric disability and are unemployed, 55-61% desire employment, with the total reaching 75% when concern about losing benefits was taken into account (1, 2). The rewards of employment for adults with SMI are greater than simply an increase in financial resources. Studies have found that people with serious mental illness who worked competitively scored higher on measures of self-esteem, satisfaction with finances, leisure, and overall life satisfaction compared to those worked little or not at all (11). Supported employment (SE) has been more effective than any other vocational rehabilitation approach for this population (3, 4) and the VA has mandated that SE be integrated into all current VHA Compensated Work Therapy (CWT) programs (VHA Directive 2007-005). Two areas of concern include (a) national utilization of SE services is low (13), and (b) the percentage of SE participants who obtain at least one job during the studies averages 56% even though everyone who enters the program expressed an interest in working (13). Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based practice that has been effective in enhancing a range of clinical services (6), but has just recently been applied to employment and vocational services by Drebing et al. (7) and Glynn et al (8). The proposed project is a randomized trial of Adapted Motivational Interviewing for Supported Employment (AMI-SE) provided to Veterans and their significant others (family members or key friends) in order to address the internal and external barriers to the Veteran enrolling in supported employment and returning to work.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALAdapted Motivational Interviewing (AMI)
Veterans assigned to the AMI condition will be scheduled for up to 6 sessions over 6 months. Up to 3 of these 6 sessions will be joint sessions with the Veteran's significant other (if available). Sessions will utilize a variety of motivational enhancement strategies including evocative questions, importance and confidence scales, collaborative problem solving, and planning.
BEHAVIORALSupport and Education for Recovery (SER)
Veterans assigned to the control condition will be seen for 6 sessions over 6 months of basic support and education about VA and non-VA psychiatric rehabilitation and recovery services. Up to 3 of these 6 sessions will be joint sessions with the Veteran's significant other (if available). The session topics include information about Bedford VA and Boston VA recovery services, as well as those offered by local non-profits.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Eligible to receive VA services * Diagnosis of serious mental illness: schizophrenia, schizoaffective, psychosis NOS, bipolar disorder, or depression with psychotic features * Currently unemployed * Not currently enrolled in Supported Employment services * Expects to stay within 100 miles of Bedford, MA for the next 18 months * Has a significant other (friend or family member) who is also willing to participate (a criterion required only from March 2011 to March 2012 of the recruitment period)
Exclusion criteria
* Currently in prison * Not able to provide informed consent * Not able to speak and understand English
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Participation in Vocational Rehabilitation Services | 18 months | Yes/No: Did veteran complete an intake for a VA Supported Employment program at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up. Outcome: Number of participants who completed an intake for VA Supported Employment program at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Employment | 18 months | Yes/No: Did veteran work at least one day in a competitive job at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up. Outcome: Number of participants who worked at least one day in a competitive job at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited from a variety of clinics at the Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial VA Hospital including: the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, Mental Health Intensive Case Management (MHICM), outpatient Prolixin and Clozaril clinics, VA Supported Housing (VASH), and the psychiatric inpatient unit.
Pre-assignment details
168 participants enrolled, 115 veterans+53 family/key friends willing to participate, a criterion only for 3/2011-3/2012 recruitment. Veterans completed screening interview and if eligible completed the informed consent process and baseline interview. During 1st session with individual research clinician 84 Veterans were randomized to AMI or SER.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Adapted Motivational Interviewing (AMI) Veterans assigned to the AMI condition will be scheduled for up to 6 sessions over 6 months. Up to 3 of these 6 sessions will be joint sessions with the veteran's significant other (if available). Sessions will utilize a variety of motivational enhancement strategies including evocative questions, importance and confidence scales, collaborative problem solving, and planning. | 42 |
| Support and Education for Recovery (SER) Veterans assigned to the control condition will be seen for 6 sessions over 6 months of basic support and education about VA and non-VA psychiatric rehabilitation and recovery services. Up to 3 of these 6 sessions will be joint sessions with the veteran's significant other (if available). The session topics include information about Bedford VA and Boston VA recovery services, as well as those offered by local non-profits. | 42 |
| Total | 84 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Death | 0 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Incarceration | 2 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 3 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Adapted Motivational Interviewing (AMI) | Support and Education for Recovery (SER) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 52.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 | 53.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 | 53.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.8 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized American Indian/Alaskan | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian/Pacific Islander | 1 participants | 0 participants | 1 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black/African-American | 9 participants | 6 participants | 15 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic/Latino, Black | 0 participants | 0 participants | 0 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic/Latino, White | 3 participants | 2 participants | 5 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Multi-racial | 2 participants | 5 participants | 7 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 27 participants | 28 participants | 55 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 42 participants | 42 participants | 84 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 4 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 38 Participants | 42 Participants | 80 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 42 | 3 / 42 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 15 / 42 | 20 / 42 |
Outcome results
Primary
Participation in Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Yes/No: Did veteran complete an intake for a VA Supported Employment program at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up. Outcome: Number of participants who completed an intake for VA Supported Employment program at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up.
Time frame: 18 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adapted Motivational Interviewing (AMI) | Participation in Vocational Rehabilitation Services | 19 participants |
| Support and Education for Recovery (SER) | Participation in Vocational Rehabilitation Services | 3 participants |
p-value: <0.001Chi-squared
Secondary
Employment
Yes/No: Did veteran work at least one day in a competitive job at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up. Outcome: Number of participants who worked at least one day in a competitive job at any time from randomization to 18 month follow-up.
Time frame: 18 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adapted Motivational Interviewing (AMI) | Employment | 12 participants |
| Support and Education for Recovery (SER) | Employment | 4 participants |
p-value: <0.05Chi-squared