Chronic Pain, Osteoarthritis
Conditions
Keywords
Osteoarthritis, pain assessment, tapentadol, centrally acting analgesic
Brief summary
The main objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of tapentadol hydrochloride prolonged release (PR) in participants suffering from severe chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee who are taking WHO Step III analgesics and show lack of tolerability. This is a clinical effectiveness trial designed to establish a link between anticipated clinical outcomes and the clinical practice by means of selected measures of clinical and subject-reported outcome. The trial will compare the effectiveness of previous analgesic treatment (WHO Step III) with that of tapentadol hydrochloride PR treatment during defined periods of evaluation.
Detailed description
The trial will last up to 13 weeks for each subject and includes: * One week of observation under previous analgesic treatment. * Twelve weeks of treatment with tapentadol hydrochloride PR.
Interventions
DRUGTapentadol PR
Tapentadol Prolonged Release (PR) Titration and Optimal Dose Period: Starting at 50 mg, 100 mg or 150 mg Tapentadol PR twice daily, adjusting at 50 mg PR steps (upwards or downwards) as necessary to achieve a balance between pain relief and a satisfactory level of tolerability. Participants were not permitted to exceed 500 mg of Tapentadol per day. Maintenance Period: Participants continuing on the dose established in the previous period.
Sponsors
Grünenthal GmbH
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Participants must have signed an Informed Consent Form indicating that they understand the purpose of and procedures required for the trial and are willing to participate in it. * Participants are men or non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Sexually active women must be postmenopausal, surgically sterile, or practicing an effective method of birth control (e.g., prescription oral contraceptives, contraceptive injections, intrauterine device, double barrier method, contraceptive patch, male partner sterilization) before entry and throughout the trial. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test at screening. * Participants must be appropriately communicative to verbalize and to differentiate with regard to location and intensity of the pain. * Participants must be at least 40 years of age. * Participants must have a diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the knee based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Classification criteria: * Knee pain and * Radiographic osteophytes or * Knee pain and aged 40 years or above and * Morning stiffness of less than 30 minutes of duration and * Crepitus on motion. * Participants must have pain at the reference joint which has been present for at least 3 months. * Participant's pain must require a strong analgesic (defined as WHO Step III) as judged by the Investigator * Participant must be taking a WHO Step III analgesic on a daily basis for at least 2 weeks prior to the Screening Visit. * Participant must have responded to the WHO Step III analgesic, i.e., participant must have a confirmed average pain intensity score (NRS 3) of smaller or equal to 5 points during the last 3 days prior to the Screening Visit. * Participant must report opioid-related side effects as the reason to change their analgesic * Participant must report a rate of satisfaction with their previous analgesic regimen not exceeding fair on a subject satisfaction with treatment scale (5-point VRS).
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of a clinically significant disease or laboratory findings that in the Investigator's opinion may affect efficacy or safety assessments. * Presence of active systemic or local infection that may, in the opinion of the Investigator, affect the efficacy, quality of life/function or safety assessments. * History of alcohol or drug abuse, or suspicion thereof in Investigator's judgement. * Presence of concomitant autoimmune inflammatory conditions. * Known history of or laboratory values reflecting severe renal impairment. * Known history of moderately or severely impaired hepatic function. * History of or active hepatitis B or C within the past 3 months or history of HIV infection. * History of seizure disorder or epilepsy. * Any of the following within 1 year: mild/moderate traumatic brain injury, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or brain neoplasm. Severe traumatic brain injury within 15 years (consisting of 1 or more of the following: brain contusion, intracranial hematoma, either unconsciousness or post traumatic amnesia lasting more than 24 h) or residual sequelae suggesting transient changes in consciousness. * Pregnant or breast-feeding. * History of allergy to, or hypersensitivity to tapentadol hydrochloride or its excipients, or contraindications related to tapentadol hydrochloride including: * participants with acute or severe bronchial asthma or hypercapnia. * participants who have or are suspected of having paralytic ileus. * Employees of the Investigator or trial site, with direct involvement in this trial or other trials under the direction of the Investigator or trial site, as well as family members of employees of the Investigator. * Participation in another trial concurrently or within 4 weeks prior to the Screening Visit. * Known to or suspected of not being able to comply with the protocol and the use of the investigational medicinal product. * Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors within 14 days before the Screening Visit. * Non-stable dosing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors within 30 days before the Screening Visit (the doses must remain stable during the trial). * Osteoarthritis in a flare state. * Use of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid in the reference joint within 3 months before the Screening Visit. * Presence of conditions other than OA of the reference joint that could confound the assessment or self-evaluation of pain, e.g., anatomical deformities, significant skin conditions such as abscess or syndromes with widespread pain such as fibromyalgia. Subjects with OA at joints other than the reference joint will not be excluded as long as the reference joint is the source of main pain and disability. * History and clinical signs at the reference joint of crystal-induced (e.g., gout, pseudo-gout), metabolic, infectious and autoimmune disease. * Any painful procedures during the trial (e.g., major surgery including the reference joint) that may, in the opinion of the Investigator, affect the efficacy or safety assessments. * Pending litigation due to chronic pain or disability.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Responder Rate | 6 weeks | Participants were considered responders if they reported the same or less average pain intensity over a 3 day period after 6 weeks of tapentadol PR treatment as with their previous analgesic treatment. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Average Pain Intensity After 6 Weeks of Tapentadol PR Treatment. | Baseline; Week 6 (6 weeks) | For this pain assessment, the participant was to indicate the level of average pain experienced over the previous 3 days on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) where a score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 indicated pain as bad as you can imagine. The value indicates the change from the baseline value on the 0 to 10 scale. A Negative value indicates a reduction in pain intensity from the baseline average pain intensity. |
| Change in Average Pain Intensity After 12 Weeks of Tapentadol PR Treatment. | Baseline; Week 12 (12 weeks) | For this pain assessment, the participant was to indicate the level of average pain experienced over the previous 3 days on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) where a score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 indicated pain as bad as you can imagine. The value indicates the change from the baseline value on the 0 to 10 scale. A Negative value indicates a reduction in pain intensity from the baseline average pain intensity. |
| Baseline Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee | Baseline | Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score: WOMAC is measured with a Likert ordinal scale (the participant gives one of 5 possible answers) A higher score indicate that a symptom is bothersome or disabling. The WOMAC is a self-administered questionnaire and has 24 questions: Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function. The possible scores range from 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness, 0-68 for physical function and these are then summed 0-96 for the global score. A lower score indicates a lower level of symptoms and or disability. |
| Change From Baseline in the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee Over the Last Week at Week 6 | 6 weeks | The WOMAC is a self-administered questionnaire and has 24 questions: Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function. The possible scores range from 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness, 0-68 for physical function and these are then summed 0-96 for the global score. The negative value indicates that there has been an improvement since baseline, the higher the value the greater the change since baseline. |
| Change From Baseline in the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee Over the Last Week at Week 12 | 12 weeks | The WOMAC is a self-administered questionnaire and has 24 questions: Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function. The possible scores range from 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness, 0-68 for physical function and these are then summed 0-96 for the global score. The negative value indicates that there has been an improvement since baseline, the higher the value the greater the change since baseline. |
| EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D) Health Status Index Outcome Over Time | 6 weeks | The participant scored the EuroQol-5. This is a five dimensional health state classification. Each dimension is assessed on a 3-point ordinal scale (1=no problems, 2=some problems, 3=extreme problems). The responses to the five EQ-5D dimensions were scored using a utility-weighted algorithm to derive an EQ-5D health status index score between 0 to 1, with 1.00 indicating full health and 0 representing dead. The positive values indicate that during the study the health status improved. |
| Average Pain Intensity Before the Start of Tapentadol Treatment | Baseline | For this pain assessment, the participant was to indicate the level of average pain experienced over the previous 3 days on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) where a score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 indicated pain as bad as you can imagine. |
| Clinical Global Impression of Change | Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks) | In the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) the clinician indicates the perceived change over the treatment period. The clinician is requested to choose one of seven categories. Scores range from very much improved to very much worse. |
| Patient Global Impression of Change | Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks) | In the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) the participant indicates the perceived change over the treatment period. The participant is requested to choose one of seven categories. Scores range from very much improved to very much worse. |
| Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment. | Baseline | Participants were requested to rate their previous analgesic medication on a 5-point scale. Previous medication was rated as excellent, very good, good, fair and poor. |
| Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | After 6 weeks | Participants were requested to rate their tapentadol (new) analgesic medication on a 5-point scale. The medication was rated as excellent, very good, good, fair and poor. |
| Mean Equipotency Ratio of Tapentadol Compared to Buprenorphine | Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks) | Tapentadol was compared to Transdermal Buprenorphine with Buprenorphine set to 1. The average total daily dose of Tapentadol at which a pain score equivalent or below to the pain score at the end of observation period under Transdermal Buprenorphine was reached was documented as the equipotent or equianalgesic dose to the total daily dose of the previously used Transdermal Buprenorphine. |
| Mean Equipotency Ratio of Tapentadol Compared to Oxycodone | Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks) | Tapentadol was compared to Oxycodone with Oxycodone set to 1. The average total daily dose of Tapentadol at which a pain score equivalent or below to the pain score at the end of observation period under Oxycodone was reached was documented as the equipotent or equianalgesic dose to the total daily dose of the previously used Oxycodone. |
| Change in Health Related Quality of Life: EuroQol-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | 6 Weeks | EuroQoL-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a participant rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in terms of a single index value. The VAS component rates current health state on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state); higher scores indicate a better health state. The values indicated represent the change from the baseline, a positive value indicates an improvement. |
Countries
Australia, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The enrollment of the first participant was on the 02 October 2009 and was prematurely terminated, due to slow recruitment, on 12 August 2010 (when the last subject completed the last follow-up examination).
Pre-assignment details
The Trial had a duration of 13 weeks. The one week Observation Period did not involve dosing with Tapentadol. For Tapentadol analyses purposes the first 6 weeks of dosing with Tapentadol are reported as one period, Titration and Optimal Dose Period. The last 6 weeks on Tapentadol are reported as the Maintenance Period.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR All participants started with either 50 mg, 100 mg or 150 mg tapentadol hydrochloride PR (twice daily). The dose of tapentadol hydrochloride PR was adjusted to a level that provided adequate analgesia (upwards or downwards on a weekly basis as needed). After 5 weeks the doses of tapentadol hydrochloride PR was kept stable. Participants were permitted a maximum dose of 250 mg twice a day (500 mg total daily dose). Tapentadol hydrochloride IR 50 mg (no more than twice daily; at least 4 hours apart) was considered as medication for acute pain episodes however, participants were not permitted to dose tapentadol hydrochloride IR once 500 mg tapentadol hydrochloride PR dose was reached. | 63 |
| Total | 63 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Maintenance Period | Adverse Event | 1 |
| Observation Period | Not eligible to be dosed | 19 |
| Titration and Optimal Dose Period | Adverse Event | 5 |
| Titration and Optimal Dose Period | Lack of Efficacy | 2 |
| Titration and Optimal Dose Period | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Tapentadol PR |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 65.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.84 |
| Region of Enrollment Australia | 2 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Denmark | 6 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Germany | 34 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Poland | 16 participants |
| Region of Enrollment Spain | 4 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United Kingdom | 1 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 37 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 26 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 21 / 63 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 63 |
Outcome results
Primary
Responder Rate
Participants were considered responders if they reported the same or less average pain intensity over a 3 day period after 6 weeks of tapentadol PR treatment as with their previous analgesic treatment.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Population: Per Protocol Set. Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF).
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Responder Rate | 50 Participants |
Secondary
Average Pain Intensity Before the Start of Tapentadol Treatment
For this pain assessment, the participant was to indicate the level of average pain experienced over the previous 3 days on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) where a score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 indicated pain as bad as you can imagine.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Intention to Treat
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Average Pain Intensity Before the Start of Tapentadol Treatment | 4.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
Secondary
Baseline Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee
Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score: WOMAC is measured with a Likert ordinal scale (the participant gives one of 5 possible answers) A higher score indicate that a symptom is bothersome or disabling. The WOMAC is a self-administered questionnaire and has 24 questions: Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function. The possible scores range from 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness, 0-68 for physical function and these are then summed 0-96 for the global score. A lower score indicates a lower level of symptoms and or disability.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Baseline Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee | 54.2 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.19 |
Secondary
Change From Baseline in the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee Over the Last Week at Week 12
The WOMAC is a self-administered questionnaire and has 24 questions: Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function. The possible scores range from 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness, 0-68 for physical function and these are then summed 0-96 for the global score. The negative value indicates that there has been an improvement since baseline, the higher the value the greater the change since baseline.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Change From Baseline in the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee Over the Last Week at Week 12 | -25.1 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.1 |
Secondary
Change From Baseline in the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee Over the Last Week at Week 6
The WOMAC is a self-administered questionnaire and has 24 questions: Pain, Stiffness and Physical Function. The possible scores range from 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness, 0-68 for physical function and these are then summed 0-96 for the global score. The negative value indicates that there has been an improvement since baseline, the higher the value the greater the change since baseline.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Change From Baseline in the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC) Global Score Assessing Pain, Disability and Joint Stiffness of the Knee Over the Last Week at Week 6 | -24.5 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.4 |
Secondary
Change in Average Pain Intensity After 12 Weeks of Tapentadol PR Treatment.
For this pain assessment, the participant was to indicate the level of average pain experienced over the previous 3 days on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) where a score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 indicated pain as bad as you can imagine. The value indicates the change from the baseline value on the 0 to 10 scale. A Negative value indicates a reduction in pain intensity from the baseline average pain intensity.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 12 (12 weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Change in Average Pain Intensity After 12 Weeks of Tapentadol PR Treatment. | -2.7 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.26 |
Secondary
Change in Average Pain Intensity After 6 Weeks of Tapentadol PR Treatment.
For this pain assessment, the participant was to indicate the level of average pain experienced over the previous 3 days on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) where a score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 indicated pain as bad as you can imagine. The value indicates the change from the baseline value on the 0 to 10 scale. A Negative value indicates a reduction in pain intensity from the baseline average pain intensity.
Time frame: Baseline; Week 6 (6 weeks)
Population: Intention to treat
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Change in Average Pain Intensity After 6 Weeks of Tapentadol PR Treatment. | -2.2 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.55 |
Secondary
Change in Health Related Quality of Life: EuroQol-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
EuroQoL-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a participant rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in terms of a single index value. The VAS component rates current health state on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state); higher scores indicate a better health state. The values indicated represent the change from the baseline, a positive value indicates an improvement.
Time frame: 12 Weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Change in Health Related Quality of Life: EuroQol-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | 34.6 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.9 |
Secondary
Change in Health Related Quality of Life: EuroQol-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
EuroQoL-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a participant rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in terms of a single index value. The VAS component rates current health state on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state); higher scores indicate a better health state. The values indicated represent the change from the baseline, a positive value indicates an improvement.
Time frame: 6 Weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Change in Health Related Quality of Life: EuroQol-5D Health State Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | 29.6 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.3 |
Secondary
Clinical Global Impression of Change
In the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) the clinician indicates the perceived change over the treatment period. The clinician is requested to choose one of seven categories. Scores range from very much improved to very much worse.
Time frame: Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Very much improved | 6 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Much improved | 28 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Minimally improved | 18 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | No change | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Minimally worse | 2 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Much worse | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Very much worse | 0 participants |
Secondary
Clinical Global Impression of Change
In the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) the clinician indicates the perceived change over the treatment period. The clinician is requested to choose one of seven categories. Scores range from very much improved to very much worse.
Time frame: Baseline; End of Week 12 (12 Weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Much improved | 17 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Minimally improved | 11 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Very much improved | 3 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | No change | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Minimally worse | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Much worse | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Clinical Global Impression of Change | Very much worse | 0 participants |
Secondary
EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D) Health Status Index Outcome Over Time
The participant scored the EuroQol-5. This is a five dimensional health state classification. Each dimension is assessed on a 3-point ordinal scale (1=no problems, 2=some problems, 3=extreme problems). The responses to the five EQ-5D dimensions were scored using a utility-weighted algorithm to derive an EQ-5D health status index score between 0 to 1, with 1.00 indicating full health and 0 representing dead. The positive values indicate that during the study the health status improved.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D) Health Status Index Outcome Over Time | 0.201 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.288 |
Secondary
EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D) Health Status Index Outcome Over Time
The participant scored the EuroQol-5. This is a five dimensional health state classification. Each dimension is assessed on a 3-point ordinal scale (1=no problems, 2=some problems, 3=extreme problems). The responses to the five EQ-5D dimensions were scored using a utility-weighted algorithm to derive an EQ-5D health status index score between 0 to 1, with 1.00 indicating full health and 0 representing dead. The positive values indicate that during the study the health status improved.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D) Health Status Index Outcome Over Time | 0.155 Units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.291 |
Secondary
Mean Equipotency Ratio of Tapentadol Compared to Buprenorphine
Tapentadol was compared to Transdermal Buprenorphine with Buprenorphine set to 1. The average total daily dose of Tapentadol at which a pain score equivalent or below to the pain score at the end of observation period under Transdermal Buprenorphine was reached was documented as the equipotent or equianalgesic dose to the total daily dose of the previously used Transdermal Buprenorphine.
Time frame: Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT). 48 participants with previous transdermal buprenorphine treatment.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Mean Equipotency Ratio of Tapentadol Compared to Buprenorphine | 281.1 Ratio |
Secondary
Mean Equipotency Ratio of Tapentadol Compared to Oxycodone
Tapentadol was compared to Oxycodone with Oxycodone set to 1. The average total daily dose of Tapentadol at which a pain score equivalent or below to the pain score at the end of observation period under Oxycodone was reached was documented as the equipotent or equianalgesic dose to the total daily dose of the previously used Oxycodone.
Time frame: Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT). 6 participants with previous oxycodone treatment.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Mean Equipotency Ratio of Tapentadol Compared to Oxycodone | 4.6 Ratio |
Secondary
Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol.
Participants were requested to rate their tapentadol (new) analgesic medication on a 5-point scale. The medication was rated as excellent, very good, good, fair and poor.
Time frame: After 6 weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Excellent | 3 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Very Good | 27 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Good | 21 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Fair | 4 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Poor | 0 participants |
Secondary
Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol.
Participants were requested to rate their tapentadol (new) analgesic medication on a 5-point scale. The medication was rated as excellent, very good, good, fair and poor.
Time frame: After 12 weeks
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Excellent | 3 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Very Good | 16 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Good | 12 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Fair | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With New Analgesic Treatment, i.e Tapentadol. | Poor | 0 participants |
Secondary
Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment.
Participants were requested to rate their previous analgesic medication on a 5-point scale. Previous medication was rated as excellent, very good, good, fair and poor.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment. | Excellent | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment. | Very Good | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment. | Good | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment. | Fair | 46 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Participant's Satisfaction With Previous Analgesic Treatment. | Poor | 15 participants |
Secondary
Patient Global Impression of Change
In the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) the participant indicates the perceived change over the treatment period. The participant is requested to choose one of seven categories. Scores range from very much improved to very much worse.
Time frame: Baseline; End of Week 12 (12 Weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Very much improved | 3 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Much improved | 17 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Minimally improved | 11 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | No change | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Minimally worse | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Much worse | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Very much worse | 0 participants |
Secondary
Patient Global Impression of Change
In the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) the participant indicates the perceived change over the treatment period. The participant is requested to choose one of seven categories. Scores range from very much improved to very much worse.
Time frame: Baseline; End of Week 6 (6 Weeks)
Population: Intention to treat (ITT).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Very much improved | 6 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Much improved | 28 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Minimally improved | 18 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | No change | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Minimally worse | 2 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Much worse | 0 participants |
| Tapentadol PR | Patient Global Impression of Change | Very much worse | 0 participants |