Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Pain, Telecare, Collaborative care
Brief summary
Pain is the most common physical symptom in primary care, accounting for an enormous burden in terms of patient suffering, quality of life, work and social disability, and health care and societal costs. Pain is particularly prevalent among veterans. Four major barriers to optimal care include underdetection of pain, inadequate initial treatment, failure to monitor adherence and symptom response, and failure to adjust treatment in patients not responding or intolerant of initial therapy. Therefore, we propose to conduct the Stepped Care to Optimize Pain care Effectiveness (SCOPE) study, a randomized clinical effectiveness trial in primary care.
Detailed description
SCOPE will enroll 250 primary care veterans with persistent (3 months or longer) musculoskeletal pain of moderate severity, and randomize them to either the stepped care intervention or usual care control group. The intervention will be based upon the empirically-validated Three-Component Model which in SCOPE will involve collaboration between the primary care physician, a nurse pain care manager, and a supervising physician pain specialist. SCOPE will involve a telemedicine approach coupling automated home-based symptom monitoring with telephone-based nurse care management. The intervention will consist of optimized analgesic management using a stepped care approach to drug selection, symptom monitoring, dose adjustment, and switching or adding medications. All subjects will undergo comprehensive outcome assessment at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months by interviewers blinded to treatment group. Our principal aim is to test whether SCOPE is more effective than usual care in reducing pain as measured by the Brief Pain Inventory. Secondarily, we will test the impact on other pain outcomes (e.g., severity, self-efficacy, use of self-management strategies), emotional functioning, health-related quality of life, and treatment satisfaction.
Interventions
DRUGStepped care
Structured algorithms for stepped care analgesic management and explicit decision rules for adjusting treatment are new tools developed for this study.
Sponsors
US Department of Veterans Affairs
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
SCOPE will enroll 250 primary care veterans with persistent (3 months or longer) musculoskeletal pain of moderate severity and randomize them to either the stepped care intervention or usual care control group.
Exclusion criteria
Individuals who: * have filed a pain-related disability claim in the last 6 months; * do not speak English; * have moderately severe cognitive impairment; * have schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or other psychosis; * are actively suicidal; * have current illicit drug use; or * have an anticipated life expectancy of less than 12 months.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Brief Pain Inventory (Pain) | 1 year | The full scale name is the Brief Pain Inventory. This 11-item scale measures self-reported pain severity and interference. It consists of 4 pain severity items and 7 pain interference items. Each item is scored from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain imaginable). There is a pain severity score (average of 4 pain severity items), pain interference score (average of 7 pain interference items), and total pain score (average of all 11 items). For all 3 scores, 0 represents the best score (i.e., least pain) and 10 represents the worst score (i.e., greatest pain). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited from June 2010 through May 2012. Patients and physicians in 5 primary care clinics in the Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center in Indianapolis participated.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Stepped Care Patients received automated pain monitoring. A nurse care manager partnering with a physician pain specialist decide on treatment changes collaborating with primary care physicians. Structured algorithms for stepped care analgesic management and explicit decision rules for adjusting treatment are used.
Stepped care: Structured algorithms for stepped care analgesic management and explicit decision rules for adjusting treatment are new tools developed for this study. | 124 |
| Usual Care Patients receive usual care for pain from their primary care physician | 126 |
| Total | 250 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Stepped Care | Usual Care | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 124 Participants | 126 Participants | 250 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 31 Participants | 17 Participants | 48 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 89 Participants | 103 Participants | 192 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 124 participants | 126 participants | 250 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 15 Participants | 28 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 109 Participants | 98 Participants | 207 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 124 | 0 / 126 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 22 / 124 | 8 / 126 |
Outcome results
Primary
Brief Pain Inventory (Pain)
The full scale name is the Brief Pain Inventory. This 11-item scale measures self-reported pain severity and interference. It consists of 4 pain severity items and 7 pain interference items. Each item is scored from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain imaginable). There is a pain severity score (average of 4 pain severity items), pain interference score (average of 7 pain interference items), and total pain score (average of all 11 items). For all 3 scores, 0 represents the best score (i.e., least pain) and 10 represents the worst score (i.e., greatest pain).
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stepped Care | Brief Pain Inventory (Pain) | 3.57 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.22 |
| Usual Care | Brief Pain Inventory (Pain) | 4.59 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.13 |