Anxiety
Conditions
Keywords
Anxiety, quality of life, psychotherapy, potentially fatal illness, lysergic acid diethylamide
Brief summary
This study will find out whether psychotherapy combined with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is safe and is helpful in people who are anxious because they have a potentially fatal disease. The study will measure anxiety and quality of life before and after people have two sessions with either full or active placebo dose of LSD. They expect LSD-assisted psychotherapy to reduce anxiety and improve quality of life.
Detailed description
Diagnosis with a potentially fatal illness is distressing and can provoke anxiety that further reduces quality of life, and a treatment that reduces anxiety when facing deteriorating health and mortality will improve quality of life for people with such illnesses. Forty to fifty years ago, researchers investigated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in combination with psychotherapy to treat anxiety when facing advanced stage cancer. This psychedelic (hallucinogenic) drug can produce transformative or mystical experiences and insights that can help in anxiety reduction. This study will be a randomized, active placebo controlled,double-blind pilot study of the safety and efficacy of LSD-assisted psychotherapy as a way of reducing anxiety in people with potentially fatal illnesses. This study will examine whether two sessions of LSD-assisted psychotherapy scheduled two to four weeks apart will reduce anxiety and improve quality of life for people experiencing anxiety as a result of a potentially fatal illness. Study subjects will receive either 200 or 20 mcg (micrograms) LSD during two day-long psychotherapy sessions scheduled two to four weeks apart. Subjects in this study will have a 66% of receiving the full dose of 200 mcg LSD, and they have a 33% chance of getting the active placebo dose of 20 mcg LSD. Neither the researchers nor the subject will know whether he got 200 or 20 mcg LSD. Upon participant agreement, all psychotherapy sessions will be recorded to audio and video. The randomized part of the study will last three and a half months (14 weeks). People who learn they got the active placebo dose of LSD during the randomized phase can go on to to take part in an open label study phase, where they will get the full dose of LSD during two day-long psychotherapy sessions scheduled two to four weeks apart. Open label means that they and the researchers will both be aware that they are getting the full dose of LSD. Participants who received the full dose of LSD and took part in all study visits will be assessed for symptoms of anxiety and depression and quality of life 12 months after their final experimental session.
Interventions
DRUG200 mcg LSD
Administering 200 mcg LSD orally once at the start of each of two day-long psychotherapy session
DRUG20 mcg LSD
Administer 20 mcg LSD orally once at the start of each of two day-long psychotherapy session
BEHAVIORALTherapy
Therapy provided by male and female co-therapists
Sponsors
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Have a diagnosis of advanced-stage potentially fatal illness. As well as metastatic cancer this may include autoimmune, neurological, infectious or rheumatoid diseases as well. The participant must have a probability of survival of more than six months. The estimated life expectancy in relation to the study must be documented. * The participant makes the decision to participate in the study by his or her own will and that there is no inhibition to his or her will or ability of deciding due to the primary disease. * Meet DSM-IV criteria for Anxiety Disorder as indicated by the SCID or have a score of at least 40 on each part of the STAI. * Have failed to respond adequately or at all to medication or psychotherapy intended to reduce anxiety, or have refused to take anxiolytic medication. * May be diagnosed with another affective disorder other than anxiety disorder, except bipolar-I disorder. * Are at least 18 years of age. * Are willing to commit to medication dosing, experimental sessions, follow-up sessions, and to complete evaluation instruments (although they may withdraw from the study at any time without cause). * Are willing to withdraw from taking any psychiatric medications during the experimental session period. Drugs must be discontinued long enough before the first LSD treatment session to avoid the possibility of a drug-drug interaction (the interval will be at least 5 times the particular drug's half-life). * If in ongoing psychotherapy, those recruited into the study may continue to see their outside therapist, provided they sign a release for the investigators to communicate directly with their therapist. Participants should not change therapists, increase or decrease the frequency of therapy or commence any new type of therapy until after the evaluation session 2 months after the second LSD treatment session. * Participants must agree that, for one week preceding each LSD treatment session: * a. Clinical judgment will be used to determine permissible herbal supplements. * b. They will not initiate any new prescription medications (except with prior approval of the research team). * c. Clinical judgment will be used to determine permissible nonprescription medications. * Participants must be willing to follow restrictions and guidelines concerning consumption of food, beverages and nicotine the night before and just prior to each LSD session.
Exclusion criteria
* Women who are pregnant or nursing, or of child bearing potential and are not practicing an effective means of birth control. * Anyone with past or present diagnosis with a primary psychotic disorder. * Meeting DSM-IV criteria for Dissociative Disorder or Bipolar-I Affective Disorder. * Meeting DSM-IV criteria for abuse of or dependence on any substance (other than caffeine or nicotine) in the past 60 days. * Diagnosed with significant somatic problems, that in the clinical judgment of the investigators poses too great a potential for side effects. * No sufficient liver function at the baseline examination or the day before the experimental sessions. * Having evidence of CNS affection from the primary disease (e.g. brain metastasis), shown by neurocognitive impairment. * Weighing less than 45 kg. * Reasonably judged to present a serious suicide risk or who are likely to require psychiatric hospitalization during the course of the study. * Unable to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of the study and give informed consent. * Requiring ongoing concomitant therapy with a psychotropic drug (other than as needed, anxiety medications, and pain control medications) and are unable or unwilling to comply with the washout period.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | Baseline (Visit 4) | The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The STAI-state subscale is a 20-item self-reported scale which assesses subjects' levels of transient, situationally oriented, anxiety. Participants respond to each item by selecting a response from a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 4 (Not at all) to 1 (Very much so). STAI-state scores are summed for a total score that range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety. The STAI-trait subscale also consists of 20-items and is scored the same way, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater trait anxiety. |
| Primary Endpoint State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | 2 months after second experimental session | The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The STAI-state subscale is a 20-item self-reported scale which assesses subjects' levels of transient, situationally oriented, anxiety. Participants respond to each item by selecting a response from a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 4 (Not at all) to 1 (Very much so). STAI-state scores are summed for a total score that range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety. The STAI-trait subscale also consists of 20-items and is scored the same way, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater trait anxiety. |
Countries
Switzerland
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited through general information about the study reported in media, by flyers, presentations in hospitals or cancer support groups, or referral from other physicians.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Full Dose LSD (200 mcg) 200 mcg LSD administered once during each of two LSD-assisted therapy sessions, scheduled two to four weeks apart.
200 mcg LSD: Administering 200 mcg LSD orally once at the start of each of two day-long psychotherapy session
Therapy: Therapy provided by male and female co-therapists | 8 |
| Active Placebo LSD (20 mcg) 20 mcg LSD administered once during each of two LSD-assisted therapy sessions, scheduled two to four weeks apart.
20 mcg LSD: Administer 20 mcg LSD orally once at the start of each of two day-long psychotherapy session
Therapy: Therapy provided by male and female co-therapists | 3 |
| Total | 11 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 1 | Adverse Event | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Full Dose LSD (200 mcg) | Active Placebo LSD (20 mcg) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 49.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.4 | 57.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.9 | 51.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.1 |
| History of suicidal tendencies Mild | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| History of suicidal tendencies None | 8 Participants | 1 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Bechterew's Disease | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Celiac Disease | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Metastatic breast carcinoma | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Metastatic gastric carcinoma | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Parkinson's Disease | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Type of life-threatening illness Plasmocytoma | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 1 / 8 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 3 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 8 / 8 | 4 / 4 | 3 / 3 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 8 | 1 / 4 | 0 / 3 |
Outcome results
Primary
Baseline State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The STAI-state subscale is a 20-item self-reported scale which assesses subjects' levels of transient, situationally oriented, anxiety. Participants respond to each item by selecting a response from a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 4 (Not at all) to 1 (Very much so). STAI-state scores are summed for a total score that range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety. The STAI-trait subscale also consists of 20-items and is scored the same way, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater trait anxiety.
Time frame: Baseline (Visit 4)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Dose LSD (200 mcg) | Baseline State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-state | 53.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
| Full Dose LSD (200 mcg) | Baseline State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-trait | 53.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.3 |
| Active Placebo LSD (20 mcg) | Baseline State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-state | 47.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.7 |
| Active Placebo LSD (20 mcg) | Baseline State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-trait | 43.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7 |
Primary
Primary Endpoint State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The STAI-state subscale is a 20-item self-reported scale which assesses subjects' levels of transient, situationally oriented, anxiety. Participants respond to each item by selecting a response from a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 4 (Not at all) to 1 (Very much so). STAI-state scores are summed for a total score that range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety. The STAI-trait subscale also consists of 20-items and is scored the same way, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater trait anxiety.
Time frame: 2 months after second experimental session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Dose LSD (200 mcg) | Primary Endpoint State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-state | 41.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Full Dose LSD (200 mcg) | Primary Endpoint State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-trait | 45.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Active Placebo LSD (20 mcg) | Primary Endpoint State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-state | 51.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Active Placebo LSD (20 mcg) | Primary Endpoint State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | STAI-trait | 49.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.1 |