Obesity
Conditions
Keywords
BMI, obesity, sensitization, food reinforcement, snack food, Portion size of daily snacks, Weight status
Brief summary
Food reinforcement, motivation to obtain food, is associated with energy intake and obesity. Finding ways to decrease the reinforcing value of unhealthy foods may help with adherence to diets and weight loss. Our previous study in non-obese adults showed that daily consumption of the same snack food (food typically consumed outside of meals) for 14 days significantly decreased its reinforcing value. The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend these findings to obese individuals as well as to examine effects of different portion sizes of snack foods on food reinforcement. Thirty-one obese (body mass index \> 30 kg/m2) and 27 non-obese (BMI \< 30 kg/m2) women had food reinforcement and liking tested at baseline and after two weeks of daily consumption of either 0 kcal, 100 kcals, or 300 kcals daily of the same snack food.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
State University of New York at Buffalo
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* women * non-smoker * not on a diet * no restrained eating * had to like potential snack foods * willing to visit the laboratory 3 times * willing to eat snacks provided * no medications or medical conditions that affect appetite * no food allergies
Exclusion criteria
* see above
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | During 2nd and 3rd visits | Participants were asked to click a button on a computer mouse and after a certaion number of responses, participants would receive a point. After 5 points, the participants received a portion of snack food. |
| Energy Intake | visits 1, 2, and 3 plus on the phone throughout the study. | energy contained in eaten foods and beverages |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Body Weight | visit 1 and visit 3 | body weight |
| Height | visits 1 and 3 | height |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Women were recruited from flyers poster around campus. Interested participants called the lab and were screened by telephone.
Pre-assignment details
Exclusionary criteria included smoking, current dieting, medications that could affect appetite, medical conditions that limited physical activity, allergies to or self-reported dislike of study foods.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Non-Obese/0 kcal Non-obese participants that received no snack food to consume for two weeks. | 10 |
| Non-Obese/100 kcal Non-obese participants that received a 100 kcal portion of food to consume daily for two weeks. | 11 |
| Non-obese/300 kcal Non-obese participants that received a 300 kcal portion of food to consume daily for two weeks. | 10 |
| Obese/0 kcal Obese participants that received no food to consume for two weeks. | 11 |
| Obese/100 kcal Obese participants that received a 100 kcal portion of food to consume daily for two weeks. | 12 |
| Obese/300 kcal Obese individuals who received a 300 kcal portion of food to consume for 2 weeks. | 11 |
| Total | 65 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Non-Obese/0 kcal | Non-Obese/100 kcal | Non-obese/300 kcal | Obese/0 kcal | Obese/100 kcal | Obese/300 kcal | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 11 Participants | 65 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 27.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.37 | 26.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.49 | 29.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.37 | 31.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.69 | 37.82 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.85 | 38.79 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.72 | 32.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.7 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Minority | 1 participants | 1 participants | 2 participants | 6 participants | 4 participants | 3 participants | 17.0 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Minority | 9 participants | 10 participants | 8 participants | 5 participants | 8 participants | 8 participants | 48.0 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 10 Participants | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 11 Participants | 65 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Energy Intake
energy contained in eaten foods and beverages
Time frame: visits 1, 2, and 3 plus on the phone throughout the study.
Primary
Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food
Participants were asked to click a button on a computer mouse and after a certaion number of responses, participants would receive a point. After 5 points, the participants received a portion of snack food.
Time frame: During 2nd and 3rd visits
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Obese/0 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses at baseline | 397.63 Number of button presses | Standard Error 307.6 |
| Non-Obese/0 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses visit 3 | 170.38 Number of button presses | Standard Error 77.48 |
| Non-Obese/100 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses at baseline | 288.36 Number of button presses | Standard Error 68.44 |
| Non-Obese/100 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses visit 3 | 227.27 Number of button presses | Standard Error 50.8 |
| Non-obese/300 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses at baseline | 429.5 Number of button presses | Standard Error 307.7 |
| Non-obese/300 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses visit 3 | 115.25 Number of button presses | Standard Error 46.82 |
| Obese/0 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses at baseline | 213.2 Number of button presses | Standard Error 72.51 |
| Obese/0 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses visit 3 | 147.2 Number of button presses | Standard Error 27.23 |
| Obese/100 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses at baseline | 448.36 Number of button presses | Standard Error 217.49 |
| Obese/100 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses visit 3 | 468.18 Number of button presses | Standard Error 298.4 |
| Obese/300 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses at baseline | 502.00 Number of button presses | Standard Error 257.05 |
| Obese/300 kcal | Number of Responses Made by Clicking a Mouse Button for Food | Number of responses visit 3 | 1063.6 Number of button presses | Standard Error 670.32 |
Secondary
Body Weight
body weight
Time frame: visit 1 and visit 3
Secondary
Height
height
Time frame: visits 1 and 3