Diabetes
Conditions
Keywords
Chronic Diseases, Diabetes, Vulnerable population, Urban populations, Disease Management, Health Information Technology, Safety, Health Literacy, Level of English Proficiency
Brief summary
To measure the effects of a Medical health plan-directed automated telephone self-management support system (ATSM) on patient outcomes among ethnically diverse health plan enrollees with diabetes.
Detailed description
We will be conducting an evaluation of a quality improvement initiative that the San Francisco Health Plan (SFHP), a large Medicaid managed care plan in SF, is conducting for approximately 500 SFHP enrollees with diabetes who are attending 4 Community Health Network Clinics in San Francisco (CHNSF) over a two year period. The intervention that SFHP is implementing is Automated Telephone Support Management (ATSM), a health IT innovation used as adjunct to care management. The partnership with University of California, San Francisco-San Francisco General Hospital (UCSF-SFGH) researchers is based on previous work we have done in the CHNSF regarding using ATSM among diabetes patients to improve self-management activities and other health outcomes,but in the current demonstration project and evaluation, the recruitment of participants and implementation of the intervention will be done by the SFHP; UCSF will only conduct an evaluation. The Governing Board at the SFHP decided to adopt the ATSM model for its growing number of diabetes patients, to dedicate nursing staff to respond to ATSM data and engage with enrollees and their providers, to underwrite the costs of ATSM implementation, to randomly assign their patients to one of two types of ATSM (one that involves medication review/intensification vs. one that only delivers behavioral support), and to contact eligible SFHP members for ATSM and also to briefly describe the evaluation study to be carried out by UCSF. We, as UCSF researchers, will evaluate the impact of the interventions on patient outcomes. There will be limited contact with patients by the UCSF research team. UCSF research staff will only contact patients after SFHP has determined that their patients are interested in being contacted about the evaluation; and there will be no collection of personal health information by UCSF evaluators. UCSF research staff will conduct a telephone survey after verbal consent procedures, at baseline and 6 months (and for patients wait-listed, again at 12 months), for patients participating in the ATSM intervention. The SFHP will maintain an identification (ID) link between patients who are in the intervention and who are conducted about the evaluation, but they will not have patient-linked survey data, nor will UCSF have linked health-related data from the SFHP regarding patient outcomes, although de-identified data will be included in the UCSF evaluation. UCSF will conduct the quantitative data analyses of de-identified data provided to us by the SFHP at set times over the study period to examine the impact of the interventions on clinical outcomes. The evaluation will focus on the effects of ATSM on both patient-centered outcomes and on clinical outcomes through this real-world effectiveness study. The fact that recruitment and implementation will be carried out by SFHP, that SFHP will maintain the link to patients in the evaluation but will not have the survey data linked to individuals, and that only SFHP will have control over the personal health information of patients, has important implications for generalizability.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALATSM Intervention
The ATSM system is designed to promote the efficiency of a care manager by having her focus outreach phone calls to patients who, by virtue of their responses to the ATSM system, report a need for further support. The purpose of these call-backs is to have the care manager directly engage patients in setting goals and developing an action plan to improve their overall health. The care manager is trained to perform motivational interviewing, assess and overcome barriers to health communication. For some patients, the ATSM system as described above is augmented by additional phone communications from care manager to patient, triggered by health IT derived from 2 additional data sources: SFHP pharmacy claims data and CHNSF diabetes registry. The latter combines clinical data (labs and blood pressure). Based on clinical criteria, the ATSM system will alert care manager to make additional calls to patients.
Sponsors
San Francisco Health Plan (SFHP)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
University of California, San Francisco
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Diabetes diagnosis * Attend one of 4 CHNSF clinics * Ages 18 or above * Speak English, Spanish or Cantonese * Have a touch tone phone * Have had one or more clinic visits in the preceding 24 months * Will be in the SF Bay Area for the following six months
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnant * Unable to provide verbal consent * Leaving the region in the next 12 months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in the Physical Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey | Baseline and 6 months | The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
| Changes in the Mental Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey | Baseline and 6 months | The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Diabetes Self-management Behaviors as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale | Baseline and 6 months | The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Measure is a brief self-report questionnaire on diabetes self-management behaviors. The questionnaire assesses the frequency with which a patient followed a diabetes routine over the prior 7 days in five domains: diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Based on SDSCA measure's author's recommendations, two separate scores are derived: a Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score and a Self-reported Medication Adherence score. For the Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score, all items pertaining to diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care are averaged. For the Self-reported Medication Adherence score, all items pertaining to medication use are averaged. For both scores, the result is an average score between 0 and 7 with higher score indicating better diabetes self-management behavior or better medication adherence. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
| Changes in Self-reported Medication Adherence as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale | Baseline and 6 months | The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Measure is a brief self-report questionnaire on diabetes self-management behaviors. The questionnaire assesses the frequency with which a patient followed a diabetes routine over the prior 7 days in five domains: diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Based on SDSCA measure's author's recommendations, two separate scores are derived: a Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score and a Self-reported Medication Adherence score. For the Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score, all items pertaining to diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care are averaged. For the Self-reported Medication Adherence score, all items pertaining to medication use are averaged. For both scores, the result is an average score between 0 and 7 with higher score indicating better diabetes self-management behavior or better medication adherence. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
| Changes in Diabetes Self-efficacy as Measured by Diabetes Quality Improvement Project's Patient Self-Management Scale | Baseline and 6 months | The Patient Self-Management Scale was derived from a questionnaire used in the Diabetes Quality Improvement Project. The scale is designed to reflect patients' assessment of their ability to manage aspects of diabetes self-care in 5 separate areas (medication, diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care). Respondents are asked how difficult over the past 6 months has it been to follow exactly as their doctor who takes care of their diabetes suggested. Possible scores for each scale item range from 0 to 100 with higher score indicating more self-efficacy. Total scale score is calculated as the average across all items. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
| Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) Scale | Baseline and 6 months | The Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) is a 20-item patient report instrument that measures patients' perspectives on the structure of their care and collects patient reports on the extent to which they have received specific clinical services and actions during the past 6 months that are aligned with the Chronic Care Model. The scale is intended to assess the receipt of care that is patient-centered, proactive, planned and includes collaborative goal setting, problem-solving and follow-up support. Each instrument item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5 with higher score indicating better care. Scores are transformed to a 100-point scale (0-100) and averaged across all items to create a total scale score. Higher transformed and total scale scores indicate better care. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
| Number of Days Spent in Bed Due to Illness | 6 months | A measure of patients' functional status is ascertained by asking patients the following question: In the last 30 days, how many days did health problems keep you in bed for all or most of the day? Number of days may range from 0 to 30, with lower number of days indicating better functional status. Because a negative binomial model was used to analyze the data for number of days spent in bed due to illness, log means are reported. A log mean is the natural (base e) logarithm of the mean (in this context specifically, the mean number of days spent in bed due to illness). To calculate the mean, one raises e by the number given as the log mean. Lower log means indicate better functional status. |
| Changes in Hemoglobin A1c Levels | Baseline and 6 months | Hemoglobin A1c is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of hemoglobin A1c increases in a predictable way. This serves as a marker for average blood glucose levels over the previous months prior to the measurement. Higher amounts of hemoglobin A1c indicate poorer control of blood glucose levels and have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Change is calculated as 6-month level minus baseline level. |
| Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) | Baseline and 6 months | Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on arteries and vessels by the heart when it contracts and pushes blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. Change is calculated as 6-month pressure minus baseline pressure. |
| Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | Baseline and 6 months | Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries and vessels in between heart beats, when the heart is relaxed and dilated, filling with blood. Change is calculated as 6-month pressure minus baseline pressure. |
| Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) Scale | Baseline and 6 months | The Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) is an 18-item patient report instrument that measures patients' perspectives on the structure of their care and collects patient reports on providers' communication over the prior 6 months. The scale is intended to measure patients' assessment of providers' communication within 3 broad domains: communication (e.g., lack of clarity), decision making (e.g., patient-centered decision making), and interpersonal style (e.g., friendliness). Each instrument item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5. Scores are transformed to a 100-point scale and averaged across all items to create a total scale score. Higher total scores indicate better communication. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score. |
| Proportion of Patients Reporting Diabetes Interference of Normal Daily Activities | 6 months | A measure of diabetes interference on patients is ascertained by asking patients the following question: In the last 6 months, how often has your diabetes kept you from doing your normal daily activities, such as going to work, grocery shopping, and taking care of yourself and others? Responses consist of 6 possible options: Always, Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Almost Never, and Never. These responses are grouped into 2 categories, with one category consisting of Always, Almost Always, and Often responses while the other category consists of the remaining responses. The proportion of patients reporting diabetes interference is the number of patients in the first category divided by the number of patients in the 2 categories combined. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The study sample was drawn from San Francisco Health Plan The study sample was drawn April 2009 - March 2011 from San Francisco Health Plan (SFHP) members who received primary care at one of four publicly-funded clinics in the Community Health Network of San Francisco (CHNSF).
Pre-assignment details
SFHP members deemed eligible were English-, Cantonese-, or Spanish-speaking adults (age 18 or above) with ≥1 primary care clinic visit in the preceding 24 months, had diabetes diagnosis, and access to a touch-tone phone. Members who were pregnant, unable to provide verbal consent, or leaving the region in the next 12 months were ineligible.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support. | 127 |
| WAIT LIST Control WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List. | 125 |
| Total | 252 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | ATSM Intervention | WAIT LIST Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age Continuous | 56.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.9 | 55.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 | 55.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 |
| Annual Household Income ≤ $20,000 | 73 Participants | 75 Participants | 148 Participants |
| Annual Household Income $20,001 - $30,000 | 24 Participants | 25 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Annual Household Income >$30,000 | 19 Participants | 19 Participants | 38 Participants |
| Birth Place Inside U.S. | 17 Participants | 19 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Birth Place Outside U.S. | 110 Participants | 106 Participants | 216 Participants |
| Diabetes Duration | 6.9 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 | 7.2 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.4 | 7.0 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | 72.9 mm Hg STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.3 | 76.1 mm Hg STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.9 | 74.5 mm Hg STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 |
| Educational Attainment 8th grade education or less | 50 Participants | 58 Participants | 108 Participants |
| Educational Attainment College graduate or above | 31 Participants | 33 Participants | 64 Participants |
| Educational Attainment High school graduate or GED | 33 Participants | 22 Participants | 55 Participants |
| Educational Attainment Some high school | 13 Participants | 12 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Employment Status Disabled | 7 Participants | 13 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Employment Status Employed full-time | 28 Participants | 26 Participants | 54 Participants |
| Employment Status Homemaker / Retired / Other | 17 Participants | 13 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Employment Status Part-time | 63 Participants | 58 Participants | 121 Participants |
| Employment Status Unemployed | 12 Participants | 15 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Financial Class - Insurance Type Healthy Worker / Healthy San Francisco | 93 Participants | 94 Participants | 187 Participants |
| Financial Class - Insurance Type Medicaid | 28 Participants | 22 Participants | 50 Participants |
| Financial Class - Insurance Type Medicare | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Financial Class - Insurance Type Uninsured / Commercial | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Health Literacy Adequate | 68 Participants | 75 Participants | 143 Participants |
| Health Literacy Limited | 58 Participants | 50 Participants | 108 Participants |
| Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 8.0% | 87 Participants | 90 Participants | 177 Participants |
| Hemoglobin A1c > 8.0% | 37 Participants | 29 Participants | 66 Participants |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 7.8 % STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 7.5 % STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 | 7.7 % STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 |
| Insulin Treatment No | 102 Participants | 107 Participants | 209 Participants |
| Insulin Treatment Yes | 25 Participants | 18 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Language Cantonese | 69 Participants | 69 Participants | 138 Participants |
| Language English | 33 Participants | 33 Participants | 66 Participants |
| Language Spanish | 25 Participants | 23 Participants | 48 Participants |
| Language Concordance with Primary Care Provider Concordant | 33 Participants | 26 Participants | 59 Participants |
| Language Concordance with Primary Care Provider Discordant | 57 Participants | 62 Participants | 119 Participants |
| Low-density Lipoprotein | 92.7 mg/dL STANDARD_DEVIATION 30.3 | 93.5 mg/dL STANDARD_DEVIATION 31.5 | 93.1 mg/dL STANDARD_DEVIATION 30.8 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian / Pacific Islander | 77 Participants | 78 Participants | 155 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black / African-American | 7 Participants | 12 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Latino | 32 Participants | 25 Participants | 57 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Multi-Ethnic / Other | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White / Caucasian | 7 Participants | 9 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 98 Participants | 89 Participants | 187 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 29 Participants | 36 Participants | 65 Participants |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | 127.3 mm Hg STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.3 | 128.1 mm Hg STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.2 | 127.7 mm Hg STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.7 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 182 | 0 / 180 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 182 | 0 / 180 |
Outcome results
Primary
Changes in the Mental Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey
The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in the Mental Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey | 1.4 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in the Mental Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey | 0.0 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
p-value: 0.2395% CI: [-0.9, 3.6]Regression, Linear
Primary
Changes in the Physical Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey
The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in the Physical Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey | 1.3 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in the Physical Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey | -0.7 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
p-value: 0.0395% CI: [0.1, 3.9]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Diabetes Self-efficacy as Measured by Diabetes Quality Improvement Project's Patient Self-Management Scale
The Patient Self-Management Scale was derived from a questionnaire used in the Diabetes Quality Improvement Project. The scale is designed to reflect patients' assessment of their ability to manage aspects of diabetes self-care in 5 separate areas (medication, diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care). Respondents are asked how difficult over the past 6 months has it been to follow exactly as their doctor who takes care of their diabetes suggested. Possible scores for each scale item range from 0 to 100 with higher score indicating more self-efficacy. Total scale score is calculated as the average across all items. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Diabetes Self-efficacy as Measured by Diabetes Quality Improvement Project's Patient Self-Management Scale | 6.8 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Diabetes Self-efficacy as Measured by Diabetes Quality Improvement Project's Patient Self-Management Scale | 5.7 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
p-value: 0.4995% CI: [-2.1, 4.2]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Diabetes Self-management Behaviors as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale
The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Measure is a brief self-report questionnaire on diabetes self-management behaviors. The questionnaire assesses the frequency with which a patient followed a diabetes routine over the prior 7 days in five domains: diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Based on SDSCA measure's author's recommendations, two separate scores are derived: a Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score and a Self-reported Medication Adherence score. For the Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score, all items pertaining to diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care are averaged. For the Self-reported Medication Adherence score, all items pertaining to medication use are averaged. For both scores, the result is an average score between 0 and 7 with higher score indicating better diabetes self-management behavior or better medication adherence. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Diabetes Self-management Behaviors as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale | 0.7 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.4 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Diabetes Self-management Behaviors as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale | 0.08 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.08 |
p-value: 0.00895% CI: [0.1, 0.5]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries and vessels in between heart beats, when the heart is relaxed and dilated, filling with blood. Change is calculated as 6-month pressure minus baseline pressure.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | 1.2 mm Hg | Standard Error 1 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | -0.9 mm Hg | Standard Error 1 |
p-value: 0.1395% CI: [-0.6, 4.9]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Hemoglobin A1c Levels
Hemoglobin A1c is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of hemoglobin A1c increases in a predictable way. This serves as a marker for average blood glucose levels over the previous months prior to the measurement. Higher amounts of hemoglobin A1c indicate poorer control of blood glucose levels and have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Change is calculated as 6-month level minus baseline level.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Hemoglobin A1c Levels | -0.5 percentage | Standard Error 0.1 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Hemoglobin A1c Levels | -0.2 percentage | Standard Error 0.1 |
p-value: 0.1395% CI: [-0.6, 0.1]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) Scale
The Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) is an 18-item patient report instrument that measures patients' perspectives on the structure of their care and collects patient reports on providers' communication over the prior 6 months. The scale is intended to measure patients' assessment of providers' communication within 3 broad domains: communication (e.g., lack of clarity), decision making (e.g., patient-centered decision making), and interpersonal style (e.g., friendliness). Each instrument item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5. Scores are transformed to a 100-point scale and averaged across all items to create a total scale score. Higher total scores indicate better communication. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) Scale | -1.8 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.9 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) Scale | -3.8 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.9 |
p-value: 0.1195% CI: [-0.4, 4.4]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) Scale
The Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) is a 20-item patient report instrument that measures patients' perspectives on the structure of their care and collects patient reports on the extent to which they have received specific clinical services and actions during the past 6 months that are aligned with the Chronic Care Model. The scale is intended to assess the receipt of care that is patient-centered, proactive, planned and includes collaborative goal setting, problem-solving and follow-up support. Each instrument item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5 with higher score indicating better care. Scores are transformed to a 100-point scale (0-100) and averaged across all items to create a total scale score. Higher transformed and total scale scores indicate better care. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) Scale | 11.3 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) Scale | 10.0 units on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
p-value: 0.5495% CI: [-3, 5.6]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Self-reported Medication Adherence as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale
The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Measure is a brief self-report questionnaire on diabetes self-management behaviors. The questionnaire assesses the frequency with which a patient followed a diabetes routine over the prior 7 days in five domains: diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Based on SDSCA measure's author's recommendations, two separate scores are derived: a Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score and a Self-reported Medication Adherence score. For the Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score, all items pertaining to diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care are averaged. For the Self-reported Medication Adherence score, all items pertaining to medication use are averaged. For both scores, the result is an average score between 0 and 7 with higher score indicating better diabetes self-management behavior or better medication adherence. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Self-reported Medication Adherence as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale | 0.2 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Self-reported Medication Adherence as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale | 0.2 units on a scale | Standard Error 0.06 |
p-value: 0.8795% CI: [-0.2, 0.2]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on arteries and vessels by the heart when it contracts and pushes blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. Change is calculated as 6-month pressure minus baseline pressure.
Time frame: Baseline and 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) | 0.2 mm Hg | Standard Error 1.7 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) | -0.4 mm Hg | Standard Error 1.6 |
p-value: 0.7895% CI: [-3.8, 5.1]Regression, Linear
Secondary
Number of Days Spent in Bed Due to Illness
A measure of patients' functional status is ascertained by asking patients the following question: In the last 30 days, how many days did health problems keep you in bed for all or most of the day? Number of days may range from 0 to 30, with lower number of days indicating better functional status. Because a negative binomial model was used to analyze the data for number of days spent in bed due to illness, log means are reported. A log mean is the natural (base e) logarithm of the mean (in this context specifically, the mean number of days spent in bed due to illness). To calculate the mean, one raises e by the number given as the log mean. Lower log means indicate better functional status.
Time frame: 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Number of Days Spent in Bed Due to Illness | 0.02 log days | 95% Confidence Interval 0.3 |
| WAIT LIST Control | Number of Days Spent in Bed Due to Illness | 0.03 log days | 95% Confidence Interval 0.3 |
p-value: 0.2595% CI: [0.3, 1.4]Negative Binomial Models
Secondary
Proportion of Patients Reporting Diabetes Interference of Normal Daily Activities
A measure of diabetes interference on patients is ascertained by asking patients the following question: In the last 6 months, how often has your diabetes kept you from doing your normal daily activities, such as going to work, grocery shopping, and taking care of yourself and others? Responses consist of 6 possible options: Always, Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Almost Never, and Never. These responses are grouped into 2 categories, with one category consisting of Always, Almost Always, and Often responses while the other category consists of the remaining responses. The proportion of patients reporting diabetes interference is the number of patients in the first category divided by the number of patients in the 2 categories combined.
Time frame: 6 months
Population: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| ATSM Intervention | Proportion of Patients Reporting Diabetes Interference of Normal Daily Activities | 0.039 proportion of patients |
| WAIT LIST Control | Proportion of Patients Reporting Diabetes Interference of Normal Daily Activities | 0.088 proportion of patients |
p-value: 0.1895% CI: [0.2, 1.4]Regression, Logistic