Smoking
Conditions
Keywords
Black currant, Berry seed, Press residue, Tocopherol, Fatty acids, Fiber, Total phenols, TEAC, Comet assay, Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Brief summary
The study was performed to investigate the effects of the consumption of black currant seed press residues, which were baked into bread.
Detailed description
Berry seeds are a by-product of berry fabrication (e. g. to juices or jam). In order to maintain their functionality and long life span, berry seeds need to contain cell stabilizing ingredients such as vitamins and polyphenols. Since it seems to be a valuable source of health beneficial substances in human nutrition, commercial use should be found. Therefore, seeds were pressed (seed press residue), ground and baked into bread for consumption. Black currant seed press residues are rich in tocopherols and also contain anthocyanins; both act as antioxidants. Additionally there is 50% fibre in the residue, soluble and insoluble fibre in equal shares.
Interventions
Black currant seed press residue, baked into bread
Same bread but without seeds
No supplement was administered.
Sponsors
Study design
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
* discrimination between smoker (\> 5 cigarets/d) or non-smoker
Exclusion criteria
* diet during the study * serious sport * diagnosed diseases * use of nutritional supplements
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| oxidant/antioxidant status of the test person | after 1, 5, and 9 weeks |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| tocopherol intake, tocopherol faecal excretion and serum tocopherol concentration | after 1, 5, and 9 weeks |
| fiber intake and excretion | after 1, 5, and 9 weeks |