Pregnancy
Conditions
Keywords
Pregnancy, Maternal Nutritional Status, Vitamin B12
Brief summary
This study is a randomized, double-blind trial among 300 pregnant Indian women in order to determine the effectiveness of vitamin B12 supplementation in improving maternal B12 status. Secondary aims for this trial include maternal hemoglobin, maternal weight gain during pregnancy and infant birthweight. All women will receive standard of prenatal obstetric care, including routine supplementation with iron and folate.
Detailed description
The incidence of poor fetal growth and adverse maternal and infant birth outcomes is quite high in India, and several lines of evidence suggest that maternal nutritional status may be an important factor. We have previously performed extensive evaluations of poor fetal and infant outcomes in other settings, and found that maternal micronutrient supplementation (B vitamins including vitamin B12, plus vitamins C and E) in HIV positive Tanzanian mothers decreased the risk of low birthweight (\<2500 g) by 44% (RR (95% CI) 0.56 (0.38-0.82)), severe preterm birth (\<34 weeks of gestation) by 39% (RR 0.61 (0.38-0.96)), and small size for gestational age at birth by 43% (RR 0.57 (0.39-0.82)). In a prospective cohort study of 410 pregnant Indian women, we recently found a strong relationship between maternal serum vitamin B12 concentration and risk of infant intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Compared to women in the highest tertile of serum B12 concentration, women in the lowest tertile were significantly more likely to have IUGR infants, after controlling for maternal age, weight, education, and parity (OR (95% CI) 5.98 (1.72-20.74)). We now propose a randomized, double-blind trial among 300 pregnant Indian women in order to determine the effectiveness of vitamin B12 supplementation (50 µg daily) in improving maternal B12 status. Secondary aims for this exploratory trial include maternal hemoglobin, maternal weight gain during pregnancy and infant birthweight. All women will receive standard of prenatal obstetric care, including routine supplementation with iron and folate. The study will be a collaborative effort between the Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India, and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, US.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTVitamin B12
Daily oral administration of 50 µg of Vitamin B12 taken from enrollment (at or before 14 weeks gestational age) until delivery
OTHERPlacebo
Placebo taken daily from enrollment (at or before 14 weeks gestational age) until delivery
Sponsors
St. John's Research Institute
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Pregnant women at or before 14 weeks gestational age.
Exclusion criteria
* Women who anticipate moving outside of the study area before study completion * Those with twin or multiple pregnancies * Those who test positive for hepatitis B (HepBSAg), HIV or Syphilis (VDRL) * Those taking vitamin supplements in addition to folate and iron * Those with a serious pre-existing medical condition, defined as conditions that require chronic or daily medical therapy such as connective tissue diseases, hypertension not related to pregnancy, inflammatory bowel disease, active tuberculosis, symptomatic heart disease, and insulin dependent diabetes.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Changes in Maternal Serum B12 Concentration From 1st to 3rd Trimester | from 1st to 3rd trimester |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Receptive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 9 months | The Receptive Language Scale is a single scale that measures the ability of the child to recognize sounds and understand spoken words and directions. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum possible score is 49. |
| Expressive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 9 months | The Expressive Language Scale is a single scale that measures the ability of the child to communicate using sounds, gestures, or words. Higher scores represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maximum possible value is 48. |
| Fine Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 9 months | The Fine Motor Scale is a single scale that measures prehension, perceptual-motor integration, motor planning and speed, visual tracking, reaching, object grasping, object manipulation, functional hand skills, and responses to tactile information. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maximum possible value is 66. |
| Gross Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 9 months | The Gross Motor Scale is a single scale that measures movement of the limbs and torso, static positioning (e.g., sitting, standing), dynamic movement including locomotion and coordination, balance, and motor planning. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maxiumum possible value is 72. |
| Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) | 60-72 months | This test is used for assessing child intelligence |
| Cognitive Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 9 months | The cognitive scale is a single scale that measures sensorimotor integration, concept formation, attention, habituation, and memory. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides an adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible score of the cognitive scale is 0 and the maximum possible score is 91. |
| Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) | 60-72 months | This scale has 8 main domains which include, Self Help General, Self Help Dressing, Self Direction, Occupation, Communication, Locomotion and Socialization. It is possible to calculate Social age and Social quotient from VSMS which will provide a good idea about the social maturity of the infant. VSMS will be used in conjunction with KABC at age 60-72 months of age. |
| The Brief P Test | 66 months postpartum | The Brief P test is a measure of infant executive function based on parental rating. It will be administered at 66 months postpartum. |
| Parental Version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) | 78 months | Administered at 78 months to assess childhood behavioral problems. The SDQ has 25 items and generates 5 scales: emotional problem, conduct problem, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and pro-social behavior. |
| Bradley Infant-Toddler Home Tools | 60 months | Home tools used to analyze aspects of home environment. This scale captures information on parenting behavior under 6 domains: responsivity, acceptance, organization, learning materials, parental involvement, and variety of stimulation at home). Trained study personnel will administer this questionnaire to participating families at 60 months. |
| The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) | 78 months | WPPSI is an intelligence test designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months. It is a paper-pencil test that will be administered during the 78 month follow up to assess child's intellectual functioning. |
Countries
India
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12: Daily oral administration of 50 µg of Vitamin B12 taken from enrollment (at or before 14 weeks gestational age) until delivery | 183 |
| Placebo Placebo
Placebo: Placebo taken daily from enrollment (at or before 14 weeks gestational age) until delivery | 183 |
| Total | 366 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Vitamin B12 | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 22 years | 22 years | 22 years |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 183 Participants | 183 Participants | 366 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 183 | 0 / 183 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 183 | 0 / 183 |
Outcome results
Primary
Changes in Maternal Serum B12 Concentration From 1st to 3rd Trimester
Time frame: from 1st to 3rd trimester
Population: Serum samples were available for analysis among 102 of the original 183 participants in each arm.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | Changes in Maternal Serum B12 Concentration From 1st to 3rd Trimester | 3.0 pmol/L |
| Placebo | Changes in Maternal Serum B12 Concentration From 1st to 3rd Trimester | -37.6 pmol/L |
Secondary
Bradley Infant-Toddler Home Tools
Home tools used to analyze aspects of home environment. This scale captures information on parenting behavior under 6 domains: responsivity, acceptance, organization, learning materials, parental involvement, and variety of stimulation at home). Trained study personnel will administer this questionnaire to participating families at 60 months.
Time frame: 60 months
Secondary
Cognitive Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition
The cognitive scale is a single scale that measures sensorimotor integration, concept formation, attention, habituation, and memory. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides an adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible score of the cognitive scale is 0 and the maximum possible score is 91.
Time frame: 9 months
Population: Outcome was measured among 178 of the 366 enrolled participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | Cognitive Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 39 units on a scale |
| Placebo | Cognitive Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 39.5 units on a scale |
Secondary
Expressive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition
The Expressive Language Scale is a single scale that measures the ability of the child to communicate using sounds, gestures, or words. Higher scores represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maximum possible value is 48.
Time frame: 9 months
Population: This outcome was measured in 178 of the 366 enrolled participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | Expressive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 10 units on a scale |
| Placebo | Expressive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 11 units on a scale |
Secondary
Fine Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition
The Fine Motor Scale is a single scale that measures prehension, perceptual-motor integration, motor planning and speed, visual tracking, reaching, object grasping, object manipulation, functional hand skills, and responses to tactile information. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maximum possible value is 66.
Time frame: 9 months
Population: This outcome was measured in 178 of the original 366 participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | Fine Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 26 units on a scale |
| Placebo | Fine Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 26 units on a scale |
Secondary
Gross Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition
The Gross Motor Scale is a single scale that measures movement of the limbs and torso, static positioning (e.g., sitting, standing), dynamic movement including locomotion and coordination, balance, and motor planning. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible value is 0 and the maxiumum possible value is 72.
Time frame: 9 months
Population: This outcome was measured in 178 of the 366 enrolled participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | Gross Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 36 units on a scale |
| Placebo | Gross Motor Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 34 units on a scale |
Secondary
Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children (KABC)
This test is used for assessing child intelligence
Time frame: 60-72 months
Secondary
Parental Version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Administered at 78 months to assess childhood behavioral problems. The SDQ has 25 items and generates 5 scales: emotional problem, conduct problem, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and pro-social behavior.
Time frame: 78 months
Secondary
Receptive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition
The Receptive Language Scale is a single scale that measures the ability of the child to recognize sounds and understand spoken words and directions. Higher values represent better performance. The interquartile range provides adequate assessment of the variability of the data. The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum possible score is 49.
Time frame: 9 months
Population: This outcome was measured among 178 of the 366 enrolled participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | Receptive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 11 units on a scale |
| Placebo | Receptive Language Scale, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition | 11 units on a scale |
Secondary
The Brief P Test
The Brief P test is a measure of infant executive function based on parental rating. It will be administered at 66 months postpartum.
Time frame: 66 months postpartum
Secondary
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
WPPSI is an intelligence test designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months. It is a paper-pencil test that will be administered during the 78 month follow up to assess child's intellectual functioning.
Time frame: 78 months
Secondary
Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS)
This scale has 8 main domains which include, Self Help General, Self Help Dressing, Self Direction, Occupation, Communication, Locomotion and Socialization. It is possible to calculate Social age and Social quotient from VSMS which will provide a good idea about the social maturity of the infant. VSMS will be used in conjunction with KABC at age 60-72 months of age.
Time frame: 60-72 months