Chronic Kidney Disease, Chronic Renal Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Hemodialysis, Dialysis, Renal
Brief summary
The purposes of this study are to determine if the performance of a dialyzer depends on how tightly the hollow fiber membranes are packed in the housing of the dialyzer (the membrane packing density) and if that dependence is a function of the dialysate flow rate. The study will examine how efficiently three different sized molecules pass through a dialyzer membrane at different dialysate flow rates in dialyzers with different membrane packing densities. Transfer of urea, phosphorus and beta-2-microglobulin from blood to dialysate will be measured during clinical hemodialysis using four different dialyzers, each used at three different dialysate flow rates. The data derived from these measurements may provide insight into the importance of membrane packing density as a design parameter for hemodialyzers and if changing the membrane packing density might provide equivalent performance at a lower dialysate flow rate.
Interventions
DEVICEPolyflux HD-C4 Big
Three consecutive treatments with the HD-C4 Big. During the third treatment, dialyzer clearances of urea, phosphorus and β2-microglobulin will be determined at a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and dialysate flow rates of 350 mL/min, 500 mL/min and 800 mL/min.
DEVICEHD-C4 Small
Three consecutive treatments with the HD-C4 Small. During the third treatment dialyzer clearances of urea, phosphorus and β2-microglobulin will be determined at a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and dialysate flow rates of 350 mL/min, 500 mL/min and 800 mL/min.
DEVICEOptiflux 160NR
Three consecutive treatments with the HD-C4 Small. During the third treatment dialyzer clearances of urea, phosphorus and β2-microglobulin will be determined at a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and dialysate flow rates of 350 mL/min, 500 mL/min and 800 mL/min.
DEVICEOptiflux 200NR
Three consecutive treatments with the HD-C4 Small. During the third treatment dialyzer clearances of urea, phosphorus and β2-microglobulin will be determined at a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and dialysate flow rates of 350 mL/min, 500 mL/min and 800 mL/min.
Sponsors
University of Louisville
Gambro Renal Products, Inc.
Baxter Healthcare Corporation
Vantive Health LLC
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
19 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Stable hemodialysis patients dialyzing through a native fistula or Gore-Tex graft. The access must be capable of delivering a stable blood flow of 400 ml/min. * Age older than 18 years. * Fluid removal requirement less than 3 liters per treatment.
Exclusion criteria
* Noncompliance with dialysis regimen. * Hematocrit less than 28%. * Active infection
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week) | KoA is a constant that describes the efficiency of a dialyzer in removing urea. KoA is determined by surface area of the membrane, the thickness of the membrane and pore size. |
| Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week) | — |
| Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week) | — |
| Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week) | — |
| Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week) | — |
| Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week) | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Study Participants | 12 |
| Total | 12 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Study Participants |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 60 Years |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 3 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 |
Outcome results
Primary
Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.
Time frame: During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 65 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 4 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 64 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 62 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 61 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 56 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 57 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 28 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 27 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 31 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 5 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 27 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 21 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 1 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 25 KoA for b2-microglobulin (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
Primary
Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.
Time frame: During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 434 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 48 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 520 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 39 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 435 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 31 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 334 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 24 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 415 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 35 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 422 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 48 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 450 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 62 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 434 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 34 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 458 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 33 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 504 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 58 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 560 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 40 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Phosphorus Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 491 KoA for Phosphorus (mL/min) | Standard Error 29 |
Primary
Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.
KoA is a constant that describes the efficiency of a dialyzer in removing urea. KoA is determined by surface area of the membrane, the thickness of the membrane and pore size.
Time frame: During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 844 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 30 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 922 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 31 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 898 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 31 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 763 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 34 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 761 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 25 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 748 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 34 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 738 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 40 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 770 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 36 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 809 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 24 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 798 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 21 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 817 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 36 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for Urea Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 890 KoA for urea (mL/min) | Standard Error 33 |
Primary
Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.
Time frame: During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 118 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 7 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 106 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 9 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 129 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 7 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 119 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 6 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 121 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 9 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 118 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 8 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 86 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 10 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 87 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 6 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 78 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 8 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 72 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 9 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 75 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 7 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood B2-microglobulin Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 65 whole blood clearance B2-microglobulin | Standard Error 5 |
Primary
Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.
Time frame: During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 255 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 286 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 269 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 10 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 252 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 9 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 273 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 261 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 9 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 260 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 247 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 6 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 272 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 249 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 5 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 281 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Phosphorus Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 265 whole blood phosphorus clearance mL/min | Standard Error 7 |
Primary
Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.
Time frame: During the third treatment with each dialyzer (one time during each trial period week)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 279 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 340 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Big | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 315 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 270 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 4 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 320 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 3 |
| HD-C4 Small | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 295 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 5 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 293 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 8 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 271 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 4 |
| F160NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 313 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 4 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 350 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 274 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 2 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 800 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 327 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 5 |
| F200NR | Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on Whole Blood Urea Clearance Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities. | 500 mL/min Dialysate Flow Rate | 313 Whole blood urea clearance (mL/min) | Standard Error 4 |