Anxiety
Conditions
Keywords
Anxiety, SSRI, SNRI, Acamprosate
Brief summary
This study is designed to evaluate anxious patients who are only partially responsive to typical SSRI or SNRI anti-anxiety medication therapy. Patients who are less than 50% anxiety-alleviated on their SSRI medication will be asked to join the study and be placed on Acamprosate as well. This type of add-on therapy is common in outpatient psychiatric care. This is a rater-blinded, patient open-label, non-placebo prospective study, where all subjects will receive Acamprosate for 8 weeks. This study would be the first to date in this treatment-resistant patient population, as the investigators will utilize the a comprehensive set of rating scales in order to best categorize patient responses in regards to anxiety, co-occurring depression, sleep disorders, alcohol use, and social functioning with this drug. This study may be pivotal to the initiation of future double-blind, placebo-controlled studies for this agent
Detailed description
Acamprosate is felt to restore the normal glutamate-GABA balance in the human brain. (Glutamate is a stimulating chemical in the brain, while GABA is an inhibitory chemical in the brain.) This GABA-glutamate balance is felt to play a role in the development of anxiety. Low GABA and high glutamate levels (similar to the state of alcohol withdrawal) are implicated. Symptoms of anxiety may include worry, sweating, nausea, palpitation, tremor, again comparable to that of alcohol withdrawal. Sometimes, GABA-promoting sedative drugs, such as diazepam (Valium) are used to raise GABA activity to ward of anxiety symptoms in the non-alcoholic patient. GABA sedatives are also used to treat alcohol withdrawal to restore balance over the short term. Given the similar glutamate-GABA imbalance in anxiety states and (post)-alcohol withdrawal states, Acamprosate may be a likely candidate to treat anxiety. Acamprosate is now FDA approved to prolong sobriety and decrease alcohol consumption. The usual initial treatment for anxiety is to use a serotonin neurotransmitter enhancing drug, such as fluoxetine (Prozac). These 'SSRI' drugs, unlike the sedatives noted above, do not have addiction potential and are safer to use. In addition serotonin-norepinephrine facilitating drugs are also used (SNRIs) as alternatives. In the anxiety disorder population, only 30-70% of patient achieve full relief of anxiety symptoms when placed on SSRI monotherapy. The usual second-line choice to promote full anxiety symptom remission is to add a GABA-sedative to the serotonergic SSRI. The authors feel that Acamprosate, given its ability to manipulate the GABA-glutamate balance without major side effects, nor addiction, may be a reasonable add-on or augmentation strategy to better alleviate anxiety in SSRI partial responders. This study is designed to evaluate anxious patients who are only partially responsive to typical SSRI or SNRI anti-anxiety medication therapy. Patients who are less than 50% anxiety-alleviated on their SSRI medication will be asked to join the study and be placed on Acamprosate as well. This type of add-on therapy is common in outpatient psychiatric care. This is a rater-blinded, patient open-label, non-placebo prospective study, where all subjects will receive Acamprosate for 8 weeks. This study would be the first to date in this treatment-resistant patient population, as the investigators will utilize the a comprehensive set of rating scales in order to best categorize patient responses in regards to anxiety, co-occurring depression, sleep disorders, alcohol use, and social functioning with this drug. This study may be pivotal to the initiation of future double-blind, placebo-controlled studies for this agent
Interventions
DRUGAcamprosate
acamprosate 333mg tab, 3 by mouth 3 times a day
Sponsors
Forest Laboratories
State University of New York - Upstate Medical University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 64 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. Written informed consent is obtained. 2. The patient is English-speaking and 18 through 64 years of age inclusive. 3. The patient meets the DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorder as determined by the MINI and psychiatric evaluation. These include: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), General Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Social Anxiety, and Panic Disorder. 4. The patient is currently taking a monotherapy SSRI for ≥ 6 weeks and on a stable, adequate therapeutic for ≥ 4 weeks and remains anxiety symptomatic 5. The patient has a total score of at least 16 on the HAM-A scale 6. The patient has a score of at least 7 on the HADS anxiety subscale score at the screening and baseline visits. 7. The patient has a CGI-S rating of 4 or higher at screening 8. The patient is in good health as determined by a medical and psychiatric history, medical examination, and cannot have major medical illness that would jeopardize patient health during the study. 9. Women must be of nonchildbearing potential \[i.e., postmenopausal, be surgically sterile (hysterectomy or tubal ligation)\] or must meet all of the following conditions: using a reliable, medically accepted form of contraception for at least 60 days before the baseline visit, and agree to continue such use throughout the duration of the study and for 30 days after the final dose of study drug. Reliable forms of contraception include oral, implanted, or injected contraceptives; intrauterine devices in place for at least 3 months; and adequate barrier methods in conjunction with spermicide (abstinence is considered an acceptable contraceptive regimen). Women must be given a pregnancy test (ßHCG), unless they are at least 2 years postmenopausal or surgically sterile, and the results of the test must be negative. 10. The patient must be willing and able to comply with study restrictions and to remain at the clinic for the required duration during the study period, and willing to return to the clinic for the follow-up evaluation as specified in this protocol.
Exclusion criteria
Patients are excluded from participating in this study if 1 or more of the following criteria are met: 1. The patient is on more than one antidepressant or takes a standing sedative anxiolytic 2. The patient has a substance misuse disorder (including alcohol, caffeine, but not nicotine) 3. The patient is a significant risk of suicide 4. The patient has recently started psychotherapy or counseling (within last 6 weeks) 5. The patient has other psychiatric Axis-I disorders as a principal diagnosis (except anxiety) within 6 months of screening and baseline visits; any history of OCD, psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, or eating disorder, mental retardation, or clear personality disorder. Patient may have a co-morbid substance misuse, depressive or anxiety disorder if it has been in remission for at least 6 months prior to screening visit. 6. The patient has previously participated in any clinical study with acamprosate or treated with acamprosate. 7. The patient has used an investigational drug within 1 month before the screening visit or is participating in a concurrent clinical trial. 8. The patient has any disorder that may interfere with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion (including gastrointestinal surgery). 9. The patient is unlikely to comply with the study protocol, be unreliable in providing ratings, or is unsuitable for any reason, as judged by the investigator.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks in the HAM-A Scale | baseline and 8wk | this is a validated clinician administered scale that can range from 0-44 (mild to severe illness). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Patients were recruited by radio, newspaper and word of mouth
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Acamprosate acamprosate tablets | 13 |
| Total | 13 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | lost follow up, withdrawn | 5 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Acamprosate |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 13 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 13 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 2 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 2 / 13 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 13 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks in the HAM-A Scale
this is a validated clinician administered scale that can range from 0-44 (mild to severe illness).
Time frame: baseline and 8wk
Population: LOCF if two initial visits were completed
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acamprosate | Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks in the HAM-A Scale | 6.12 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.39 |